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3. implied information (подтекст) – is the information not
given explicitly, underlying the text. It must be rendered
from the text. As a rule, it is found in literary texts only.
4. stylistic information – consists of emphatic, emotive informa-
tion, imagery that can influence readers’ perception of the text.
It is a part of pragmatic information, which is aimed at affect-
ing readers’ emotions, opinion, system of beliefs, as well as
their actions.
II. Cohesion is defined as the use of explicit linguistic devices to
signal relation between sentences and parts of texts. It is translated into
Russian as когезия, or локальные связи текста, формальная свя-
занность. Cohesion can be realized in the text with the help of differ-
ent means – grammatical, lexical, logical, as well as with the help of
images and associations.
1. grammatical and lexico-grammatical means of cohesion
include tense forms, deixis ( prepositions, adverbs of place
and time: here, there, now, then), conjunctions, parallel con-
structions, chiasmus, suspense and the like.
2. lexical means chiefly include different types of repetition –
distant (дистантный), contact ( контактный, или смежный)
and dispersed (рассеянный). It may consist on repeating
words, phrases and sentences. On the other hand, not only
exact words, but their synonyms and antonyms can be re-
peated. Consider the following examples:
Is there a college in the whole country where there is a chair
of good citizenship? There is a kind of bad citizenship which
is taught in the schools, but no real good citizenship taught.
(M. Twain)
3. logical means are represented by a whole system of connec-
tives (логические связки) and clichés, particularly charac-
teristic of certain functional styles and genres. They are
aimed at expressing different types of semantic relations be-
tween various phenomena and events – relations of time,
space, cause and effect, etc.
78
4. images and associations, especially extended throughout the
text, can also unite a text.
III. Coherence (когерентность, связность) – means that a text
should necessarily make sense to the reader. It is achieved by the text
as a whole, when there are semantic and logical connections within the
text. Look at the following examples where coherence is violated:
a) The quarterback threw the ball to the tight end. Balls are
used in many sports. Most balls are spherical, but in Ameri-
can football it is elliptical.
b) I put my hand in the pocket. There I found a quarter. A quar-
ter is made of copper. Copper is a semi conductor. I know
one conductor who lives across the street.
As you see, we can find means of cohesion in the examples
above, but the texts in general lack coherence.
PRACTICE
Read the text below and analyze it as to the representation in it
of all text categories.
The Faraway Night
By William Saroyan
1
5
10
This was a day of fog and remembrance of old days and old
songs. I sat in the house all afternoon listening to the songs. It
was darker everywhere than light and I remembered a song I
sang to a girl on a bus once. For a while there we were in love,
but when the bus reached Topeka she got off and I never saw
her again. In the middle of the night when I kissed her she
began to cry and I got c sick with the sickness of love. That
was a young night in August, and I was on my way to New
York for the first time in my life. I got sick because I was go-
ing my way and she was going hers.
3. implied information (подтекст) – is the information not 4. images and associations, especially extended throughout the
given explicitly, underlying the text. It must be rendered text, can also unite a text.
from the text. As a rule, it is found in literary texts only. III. Coherence (когерентность, связность) – means that a text
4. stylistic information – consists of emphatic, emotive informa- should necessarily make sense to the reader. It is achieved by the text
tion, imagery that can influence readers’ perception of the text. as a whole, when there are semantic and logical connections within the
It is a part of pragmatic information, which is aimed at affect- text. Look at the following examples where coherence is violated:
ing readers’ emotions, opinion, system of beliefs, as well as a) The quarterback threw the ball to the tight end. Balls are
their actions. used in many sports. Most balls are spherical, but in Ameri-
II. Cohesion is defined as the use of explicit linguistic devices to can football it is elliptical.
signal relation between sentences and parts of texts. It is translated into
b) I put my hand in the pocket. There I found a quarter. A quar-
Russian as когезия, or локальные связи текста, формальная свя-
ter is made of copper. Copper is a semi conductor. I know
занность. Cohesion can be realized in the text with the help of differ-
one conductor who lives across the street.
ent means – grammatical, lexical, logical, as well as with the help of
As you see, we can find means of cohesion in the examples
images and associations.
above, but the texts in general lack coherence.
1. grammatical and lexico-grammatical means of cohesion
include tense forms, deixis ( prepositions, adverbs of place
PRACTICE
and time: here, there, now, then), conjunctions, parallel con-
structions, chiasmus, suspense and the like. Read the text below and analyze it as to the representation in it
2. lexical means chiefly include different types of repetition – of all text categories.
distant (дистантный), contact ( контактный, или смежный)
and dispersed (рассеянный). It may consist on repeating The Faraway Night
words, phrases and sentences. On the other hand, not only
By William Saroyan
exact words, but their synonyms and antonyms can be re-
peated. Consider the following examples: 1 This was a day of fog and remembrance of old days and old
Is there a college in the whole country where there is a chair songs. I sat in the house all afternoon listening to the songs. It
of good citizenship? There is a kind of bad citizenship which was darker everywhere than light and I remembered a song I
is taught in the schools, but no real good citizenship taught. sang to a girl on a bus once. For a while there we were in love,
(M. Twain) 5 but when the bus reached Topeka she got off and I never saw
3. logical means are represented by a whole system of connec- her again. In the middle of the night when I kissed her she
tives (логические связки) and clichés, particularly charac- began to cry and I got c sick with the sickness of love. That
teristic of certain functional styles and genres. They are was a young night in August, and I was on my way to New
aimed at expressing different types of semantic relations be- York for the first time in my life. I got sick because I was go-
tween various phenomena and events – relations of time, 10 ing my way and she was going hers.
space, cause and effect, etc.
77 78
