Метрология, стандартизация и сертификация. Акмайкин Д.А. - 81 стр.

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МГУ им. Невельского | Владивосток

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81
". ' ( !$ $ *!"*")"! ! "$1!$
"# !*#! ! !(*" *, *" --
0 !", !, (!*!#$!, !, &!#
', "0! ! . ., !(#$*" /  !#! ! #!
(" 1#!, -, &' *$ #!) #) 2,,!
(+!#!*+!! ! (!!) *, 1#!) (+!!,
(! !,!+!! ! *'  (!"). (!+!( (-
(&!#$!.
# 2" (!+!( #!. #$ ) *-
&! !*" / (" ", &' (! !/  ' (-
  ) ((&$ ",  − $".
!! 2!" ) ((&!#$ / &!# #-
#)$ #.0!" '!)":
• (#)$ +!#$. !" +!, &.0.
(')" (!* ! 2(#+!!;
• ' $ '& "! "$1!! ! #!&!! &!#;
• #.&$  (##$  )!  !#! ' 
*&!) - &!# );
• ' $ ( "! ! # *("!.0!"!).
!'# 1! !(#$*. ) ((&!#$ / &!#,
(  ( (!+!( "!& (!!.  (-
#) ' ) &!# () " 1!" / !/ &!#
− *"#" (!! (). -  &# (!! )#))
(!*!" ( 0 &#  . (!", (!
1
= 2 !
2
=
1,6 (!! !". !: 1; 2; 4; 8; 16; 32; ... ! 1; 1,6; 2,5; 4; 6,3;...
 !/ *"#!  :
1
= 2/1 = 4/2 = ... = 32/16 = 2;
2
= 1,6/1 = 2,5/1,6 = 4/2,5 =… = 6,3/4=1,6.
!*! !#! & #.' / / &# "!&
(!!  )#))  &#": 2 / 4 = 8; 8 / 4 = 32; 16 ÷ 2 = 8;
8 ÷ 2 = 4; 32 ÷ 4 = 8.
.' &#  (!!, *  +#. (#-!-
#$. !#! !+#$. ($, - )#)) &#" 2
(!!: 2
2
=4; 2
3
=8; 2
4
=16; I4=2;
3
8
=2;
3
64
=4 ! . . 
    "     .      ' (        ! $          $ * !" * " ) " ! ! " $1! $
    "    #        !* #! ! !( *"                  *          , *"              - -
0       !       "      ,         !, ( !* ! #$               !,          !, &! #
 '         , " 0         ! ! . ., ! ( #$* " /                !#! !             #!
( " 1#             !,        - , & '        * $ # !) #) 2,, !
 ( +! #!* +!! !            ( !        !) *         ,      1 # !) (           +!!,
( ! !,! +!! ! * '                                  ( !" ). ( ! +!( ( -
( & ! #$         !.
            #      2 " ( ! +!(                   #! .            #$     )    * -
& !               !* " / ( "                    ", & ' ( ! !/ '              ( -
       ) ( ( & $                " ,          −       $ " .
                       !! 2 !" )           ( ( & ! #$ / &! # #-
     #        ) $ # .0!"            '      !)":
       • (          #) $ +! #$ . ! "                         +! ,        & .0 .
(      '      )" ( !*            ! 2 (#        +!!;
       • ' $'             & "! " $1 !! !                 #!& !! &! #;
       • #.& $             ( #           #$          ) !            !#!     '
* & !) -              &! # ) ;
       • ' $(            "! ! #      * ( "! .0!"! ).
           !' # 1!            ! ( #$* . )            ( ( & ! #$ / &! #,
(               ( ( ! +!(           " !&            (         !!.      (        -
#)       '     ) &! # (           )      "       1 ! "         /        !/ &! #
− * "          # " (           !! ( ).      -       &# (             !! ) #) )
( !*          ! "(           0    &#            . ( !" , ( ! 1 = 2 ! 2 =
1,6 (          !! !" . ! : 1; 2; 4; 8; 16; 32; ... ! 1; 1,6; 2,5; 4; 6,3;...
                    !/ * "        #!          : 1 = 2/1 = 4/2 = ... = 32/16 = 2;
  2 = 1,6/1 = 2,5/1,6 = 4/2,5 =… = 6,3/4=1,6.

            !*       ! !#! &            #.' /         / &#          " !&
(          !!         ) #) ) &# ": 2 / 4 = 8; 8 / 4 = 32; 16 ÷ 2 = 8;
8 ÷ 2 = 4; 32 ÷ 4 = 8.
          .' &#                (         !!, *                   + # . ( # -!-
   #$ . !#!          !+ #$ .            ( $,        - ) #) ) &# " 2
(         !!: 22=4; 23=8; 24=16; I4=2; 3 8 =2; 3 64 =4 ! . .

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