История письма и чтения. Асафова Г.К. - 120 стр.

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18th-century predecessors. Earlier journalists might write, edit, and print each copy

of the paper by themselves. With the expansion of newspapers, full-time reporters,

whose job was to go and get the news, were recruited, and they replaced many

occasional correspondents, although there was always room for the stringer, a part-

time reporter based in a small town or a remote region. William Howard Russell, a

reporter for the London Times during the Crimean War (1853–56), became famous

as one of the first war correspondents, and his writings inspired Florence

Nightingale to take up her mission to the Crimea. More than 150 war

correspondents reported on the U.S. Civil War (1861–65). The reporter could

become as celebrated as the soldier, and vigilant reporting could perhaps prevent

some of the atrocities perpetrated in wartime. In peacetime the fearless on-the-spot

reporter hoping to “scoop” rival papers for a big story also became a folk hero,

and his byline (the name or nom de plume published with the article) could

become better known than that of the editor.

The expense of employing a large team of reporters, some of whom could be

out of the office for months, proved impossible for smaller papers, thus paving the

way for the news agency. The French businessman Charles Havas had began this

development in 1835 by turning a translation company into an agency offering the

French press translated items from the chief European papers. His carrier-pigeon

service between London, Paris, and Brussels followed, turning the company into

an international concern that sold news items and that, eventually, also dealt in

advertising space. Paul Julius Reuter, a former Havas employee, was among the

first to exploit the new telegraphic cable lines in Germany, but his real success

came in London, where he set up shop in 1851 as a supplier of overseas

commercial information. Expansion soon led to the creation of the Reuters service

of foreign telegrams to the press, an organization that grew with the spread of the

British Empire to cover a large part of the world. In the United States, meanwhile,

a very different type of agency–the newspaper cooperative–had arisen. Six New

York City papers were the founding members; they suspended their traditional

rivalries to share the cost of reporting the war with Mexico (1846–48) by