История письма и чтения. Асафова Г.К. - 15 стр.

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16
records of political, religious, scientific, and literary interest but also for the more
mundane purpose of keeping trade accounts and records. Writing used to transmit
information across space, as in letters, encyclopedia, newspapers, and the like, may
be considered to serve a communicative function. Writing used for purely private
ends, to record notes, diaries, or other personal data, may be considered to serve a
mnemonic function.
Almost any notational form may be used for mnemonic purposes, foronly
the person who “wrote” the message needs to be able to “read” it. The carved
notches in a wooden counting stick or the pebbles in a counting sack corresponding
to the number of cattle under the care of a cowherd are a suitable aide-mémoire,
since the writer knows what the notches or pebbles represent. But such a system
could not be read by others; it would not be clear what the notches represented or
even that they represented anything at all. For a writing system to be
communicative, the signs must be conventionalized so that the meaning can be
grasped by other readers. Such a system may be restricted to a small set of familiar
messages that can be read by a limited circle of acquaintances. But for a writing
system to serve an archival function it must be sufficiently conventionalized to
permit decoding and interpretation by readers who may know nothing about the
writer or his message. It is only with the development of explicit writing systems
capable of representing the nuances conveyed in speech that writing can be used
archivally or communicatively.
VOCABULARY
Account n.
Значение, польза, выгода
Aide-memoire
Памятная записка
Archival adj.
Архивный
Bind v.
Связывать(ся), переплетать(ся)
Cowherd n.
Пастух
Displace v.
Замещать, вытеснять
Encounter n.
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