Учебно-методическое пособие для подготовки к экзамену по английскому языку (для студентов экономических специальностей). Бегун Н.В - 13 стр.

                   PART II. SUMMARIZING ARTICLES                                               By 1976, this company had realized that the cost of meeting increas-
                                                                                        ing demands for pollution control was threatening its profitability. It de-
Read the following articles.                                                            cided to attack the problem at its root by applying the philosophy that pol-
Article 1.                                                                              lutants plus know-how equal potential resources and new profits. The
                        ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES                                            company initiated this approach under the slogan "Pollution Prevention
                   MAKING POLLUTION PREVENTION PAY                                      Pays" (3P).
                                                                                               In the first nine months of operation in 15 countries, 3P programs
                                                               By Michael G. Royston    eliminated 70,000 tons of air pollutants and 500 million gallons of waste
                                                             Harvard. Business Review   water. Instead of expending money, 3M saved $11 million. By viewing
                                                                                        pollution as an indicator of waste and an opportunity for profit rather than
        In November 1979, the ministers of the environment from the Euro-               as a costly threat, the company had, by 1979, saved over $20 million.
pean countries and representatives from the United States and Canada met
in Geneva under the auspices of the Economic Commission for Europe on                   New no-waste technologies.
the Protection of the Environment. Their purpose was to decrease pollution                     The savings possible from such no-waste approaches vary widely
from industrial wastes. The ministers and representatives signed a resolution           from industry to industry and plant to plant. Most of the old technologies
to "limit, gradually reduce, and prevent" this form of pollution. They also             and processes in use were selected when the costs of energy, water, and
adopted a declaration stating that "economic development and technological              raw materials were much lower than they are now and when the costs of
progress must be compatible with the protection of the environment" and                 waste disposal were either very low, or could be ignored. Thus, many exist-
advocating the use of no-waste technologies in their countries' industries.             ing plants and processes in all industries tend to have a good margin for
        Some businesses have long understood that environmental* protec-                improving efficiency, reducing costs, and minimizing waste and pollution.
tion and economic progress can go hand in hand. Consider the following                         Even the best-managed and most efficient businesses are finding op-
examples:                                                                               portunities to improve their efficiency, to the benefit of both the economy
        Ciba-Geigy, the chemical complex in Basel, Switzerland, has, with               and the environment. Many of these examples are to be found in Europe
little capital investment, been able to eliminate up to 50% of the pollution            because it has a history of high energy and raw material costs as well as
from its operations and save an estimated $400,000 a year. By changing its              long-standing environmental concern. Many industrial and municipal in-
manufacturing processes and recycling its water and solvents, it has saved              stallations in Europe convert wastes into energy in specially designed in-
not only money, but also energy.                                                        cinerators and use waste heat from power plants for district heating.
        In the Federal Republic of Germany, Reffelmann Metallverar-beitung                     It was there, in Finland, that the "systems approach" of integrating
KG has recovered its electroplating liquors and made a 40% profit on them.              one type of processing plant with another to take care of wastes resulted in
ENKA-Glanzstoff AG is increasing its marginal profit by 30% in recover-                 combined treatments that are clean, productive, profitable, and capable of
ing zinc from its rayon plant effluents.                                                generating 50% of their own energy needs.
        Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company, the multinational                          In the extraction and building industries, English Clays has been us-
based in the United States and known as 3M, has since1976 expanded pro-                 ing its china clay wastes to make pre-fabricated houses.
duction by 40% and significantly reduced its annual pollutant load. Its                        Germany's steel industry has recycled 99% of the water it uses and
liquid effluent has gone from 47 tons to 2.7 tons, its gaseous effluent from            converted over 90% of its solid wastes into other useful materials.
3,000 tons to 2,400 tons, and its solid waste from 6,000 to 1,800 tons. This
clean-up has resulted in a cost saving of $2,400,000 a year.
_____________________
   *
       For the meaning of the words in bold type look up on pp. 31–32.

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