Английский для пользователей компьютеров. Ч.2. Белобородова М.Л - 12 стр.

      to store large amounts of data that can be easily retrieved and
      manipulated with great flexibility to produce reports.
    4. Graphics software, which gives the user the ability to make reports and
      presentations even more effective through the use of graphs and other
      types of drawings.
    5. Integrated software, which combines the software capabilities of several
      types of software programs to enable the user to perform different types
      of tasks without having to change software and to transmit data and
      information to other computers through the use of telephone lines,
      satellites, and other communications technology.
    6. Desktop managers (RAM-resident software), which are loaded into main
      memory and which stay there, "underneath" other software, until the
      power is turned off. The user can interrupt one task, switch over to the
      RAM-resident software, perform another task, and switch back to the
      original applications package.
    7. Desktop publishing software, which allows the user to take advantage of
      particular text and graphics software and use laser printers to produce
      material of publishable quality.
    8. Computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided engineering (CAE), and
      computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) programs, which allow
      manufacturers to more easily design, engineer, and produce finished
      products.
    Systems software is composed of (1) internal command instructions, (2)
external command instructions (often referred to as utilities), and (3) language
processors, or translators. The part of the operating system that resides in main
memory (internal instructions) is most important; without these instructions,
the computer cannot operate. These instructions must be loaded from storage
when the computer is first turned on (called booting for microcomputers and
initial program load for mainframes) — otherwise, none of the hardware
components will function. Internal instructions must reside in main memory at
all times while the computer is on.
    External command instructions perform so-called housekeeping tasks,
which frequently have to do with "desktop" management and file and storage
management. Utilities reside in secondary storage.
    Language processors, or translators, convert the high-level language of
the user's software into the only language the computer can understand—
machine language. Some low-level languages, called assembly languages,
were created using abbreviations to help programmers avoid the tedious
and time-consuming task of writing programs in machine language (0s
and 1s). High-level languages were developed to make the job even easier.
However, both high-level and assembly languages must be translated into
machine language for the CPU to use them. The translation can be done
by interpreters, which convert software instructions from source code to
object code a line at a time and thus allow for on-the-spot error correction,