Английский для пользователей компьютеров. Ч.2. Белобородова М.Л - 25 стр.

Discuss the advantages and the limitations of the programming languages you
are aware of.
7. Essays:
1. Visit the computer laboratory at your High School:
   a. Identify which high-level languages are available.
   b. Determine if each language processor identified is a compiler or an
     interpreter.
   c. Determine if the language processors are available for microcomputers,
     larger computers, or both.
   d. Identify any microcomputer-based electronic spreadsheet software and
      database management systems software available.
     Write short reports on the results you’ve got.

                                    UINT 9

                      DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
Database management systems (DBMS)—comprehensive software tools that
allow users to create, maintain, and manipulate an integral base of business
data—have become very popular in the business community as a means of
supporting management information systems. In an integrated database, the
records are logically keyed to one another so that all data on a topic can be
retrieved by simple requests. Users will probably not get involved in designing
databases (except for supplying job information needs to designers), but they
will likely be involved in using a DBMS, either on a workstation or a terminal,
or on a stand-alone microcomputer.
    File management systems used to be the only way of managing data and
files. In these systems, data was stored in a series of unrelated files on tape or
disk. The major problems associated with file management systems are (1)
data redundancy — the same data appears in more than one file; (2) tedious
updating procedures — because the same data appeared in many places,
updating files was time-consuming; (3) poor data integrity—if some redundant
data elements were missed during file updating, they were no longer current
and could cause inaccurate information to be produced; and (4) lack of data
and program independence — programmers could not use the data file to
develop new programs because the data and the programs were restricted by
existing formats. To update either the applications program or the data file
became a major task.
    Database management systems were developed to (1) make data
independent of the programs, so that it is easy to access and change; (2)
eliminate data redundancy; (5) establish relationships among records in
different files; (4) define data characteristics; (5) manage file directories; (6)
maintain data integrity; and (7) provide a means of securing access to the