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58
2. JOHN'S CAR is WHITE. (contrast: not some other color)
3. JOHN'S CAR is WHTTE. (contrast: not Albert's car)
4. JOHN'S CAR is WHITE. (contrast: not his truck)
5. JOHN'S CAR IS WHITE. (emphatic assertion: Why do you say it isn't? I’m
absolutely certain it is.)
In the first statement, the unmarked placement of prominence would occur
on the final element, white. However, depending on the context, there may be
contrast placed оn white as in statement 2, signaling that the car is white and not
some other colour.
Alternatively, the important contrastive piece of information may be that it
is John's carг that is white and not someone else's, as in statement 3. Or perhaps,
as in statement 4, the speaker wishes to make the contrast that it is John's car
that is white rather than his house or truck. Moreover, should there be a dispute
over the color of John's car, the speaker may insist on his or her point of view
(i.e., the fact that John's car is indeed white) by emphasizing the verb be as in
statement 5.
This flexibility allows the speaker to use prominence rather than additional
verbiage to get the message across. Here is one more example:
Discourse context Prominent element
What about John? He CAN'T GO.
Who can't go? HE CAN'T GO. {pointing to John)
Why doesn't John go? He CAN'T GO
These sentences further demonstrate how the assignment of prominence
depends heavily on the discourse and situational context.
In sum, whereas placement of stress within a word is dictated by the word's
etymology and other factors, such as affixation, spelling, and grammatical
category, prominence is sensitive to meaning, discourse, and syntactic
boundaries. It reflects the meaning and the context in which a given utterance
occurs as well as the speaker's intention.
In languages with much more flexible word order, the highlighting of
information may often be achieved by moving various sentence elements to the
beginning or end of an utterance. In English, with its relatively fixed word order,
prominence is a highlighter.
Whereas the stress pattern of any multisyllabic English word is more or
less established and can be found in the dictionary, prominence can vary a great
deal, reflecting changes in the meaning of an utterance.
Common Intonation Patterns in NAE:
As we have seen, one way of highlighting information is through
prominence; another is intonation. To understand intonation, it is first necessary
to define pitch, the relative highness or lowness of the voice. It is important to
note that the phonetic notion of pitch is relative, referring to the differentiated
pitch levels of a given speaker - not to the lower VS. higher pitches of men's and
women's voices or the differing pitch variations of different speakers.
58 2. JOHN'S CAR is WHITE. (contrast: not some other color) 3. JOHN'S CAR is WHTTE. (contrast: not Albert's car) 4. JOHN'S CAR is WHITE. (contrast: not his truck) 5. JOHN'S CAR IS WHITE. (emphatic assertion: Why do you say it isn't? Im absolutely certain it is.) In the first statement, the unmarked placement of prominence would occur on the final element, white. However, depending on the context, there may be contrast placed оn white as in statement 2, signaling that the car is white and not some other colour. Alternatively, the important contrastive piece of information may be that it is John's carг that is white and not someone else's, as in statement 3. Or perhaps, as in statement 4, the speaker wishes to make the contrast that it is John's car that is white rather than his house or truck. Moreover, should there be a dispute over the color of John's car, the speaker may insist on his or her point of view (i.e., the fact that John's car is indeed white) by emphasizing the verb be as in statement 5. This flexibility allows the speaker to use prominence rather than additional verbiage to get the message across. Here is one more example: Discourse context Prominent element What about John? He CAN'T GO. Who can't go? HE CAN'T GO. {pointing to John) Why doesn't John go? He CAN'T GO These sentences further demonstrate how the assignment of prominence depends heavily on the discourse and situational context. In sum, whereas placement of stress within a word is dictated by the word's etymology and other factors, such as affixation, spelling, and grammatical category, prominence is sensitive to meaning, discourse, and syntactic boundaries. It reflects the meaning and the context in which a given utterance occurs as well as the speaker's intention. In languages with much more flexible word order, the highlighting of information may often be achieved by moving various sentence elements to the beginning or end of an utterance. In English, with its relatively fixed word order, prominence is a highlighter. Whereas the stress pattern of any multisyllabic English word is more or less established and can be found in the dictionary, prominence can vary a great deal, reflecting changes in the meaning of an utterance. Common Intonation Patterns in NAE: As we have seen, one way of highlighting information is through prominence; another is intonation. To understand intonation, it is first necessary to define pitch, the relative highness or lowness of the voice. It is important to note that the phonetic notion of pitch is relative, referring to the differentiated pitch levels of a given speaker - not to the lower VS. higher pitches of men's and women's voices or the differing pitch variations of different speakers.
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