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35
The Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution protects personal pri-
vacy, and every citizen's right to be free from unreasonable government intru-
sion into their persons, homes, businesses, and property, whether through police
stops of citizens on the street, arrests, or searches of homes and businesses.
Lawmakers and the courts have put in place legal safeguards to ensure that law
enforcement officers interfere with individuals' Fourth Amendment rights only
under limited circumstances, and through specific methods.
What Does the Fourth Amendment Protect?
In the criminal law realm, Fourth Amendment "search and seizure" pro-
tections extend to:
• A law enforcement officer's physical apprehension or "seizure" of a
person, by way of a stop or arrest; and
• Police searches of places and items in which an individual has a le-
gitimate expectation of privacy — his or her person, clothing, purse,
luggage, vehicle, house, apartment, hotel room, and place of business,
to name a few examples.
The Fourth Amendment provides safeguards to individuals during
searches and detentions, and prevents unlawfully seized items from being used
as evidence in criminal cases. The degree of protection available in a particular
case depends on the nature of the detention or arrest, the characteristics of the
place searched, and the circumstances under which the search takes place.
When Does the Fourth Amendment Apply?
The legal standards derived from the Fourth Amendment provide constitu-
tional protection to individuals in the following situations, among others:
• An individual is stopped for police questioning while walking down
the street.
• An individual is pulled over for a minor traffic infraction, and the po-
lice officer searches the vehicle's trunk.
• An individual is arrested.
• Police officers enter an individual's house to place him or her under ar-
rest.
• Police officers enter an individual's apartment to search for evidence of
crime.
• Police officers enter a corporation's place of business to search for evi-
dence of crime.
• Police officers confiscate an individual's vehicle or personal property
and place it under police control. 
       The Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution protects personal pri-
vacy, and every citizen's right to be free from unreasonable government intru-
sion into their persons, homes, businesses, and property, whether through police
stops of citizens on the street, arrests, or searches of homes and businesses.
Lawmakers and the courts have put in place legal safeguards to ensure that law
enforcement officers interfere with individuals' Fourth Amendment rights only
under limited circumstances, and through specific methods.

      What Does the Fourth Amendment Protect?
       In the criminal law realm, Fourth Amendment "search and seizure" pro-
tections extend to:
       • A law enforcement officer's physical apprehension or "seizure" of a
          person, by way of a stop or arrest; and
       • Police searches of places and items in which an individual has a le-
          gitimate expectation of privacy — his or her person, clothing, purse,
          luggage, vehicle, house, apartment, hotel room, and place of business,
          to name a few examples.
       The Fourth Amendment provides safeguards to individuals during
searches and detentions, and prevents unlawfully seized items from being used
as evidence in criminal cases. The degree of protection available in a particular
case depends on the nature of the detention or arrest, the characteristics of the
place searched, and the circumstances under which the search takes place.

      When Does the Fourth Amendment Apply?
       The legal standards derived from the Fourth Amendment provide constitu-
tional protection to individuals in the following situations, among others:
       • An individual is stopped for police questioning while walking down
          the street.
       • An individual is pulled over for a minor traffic infraction, and the po-
          lice officer searches the vehicle's trunk.
       • An individual is arrested.
       • Police officers enter an individual's house to place him or her under ar-
          rest.
       • Police officers enter an individual's apartment to search for evidence of
          crime.
       • Police officers enter a corporation's place of business to search for evi-
          dence of crime.
       • Police officers confiscate an individual's vehicle or personal property
          and place it under police control.




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