Английский язык. Справочник по грамматике, устные темы и контрольные задания. Бухарова Г.П. - 131 стр.

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Текст 6
AIR POLLUTION AND SMOG ARE THE PROBLEMS OF MODERN CITIES
The word smog comes from smoke and fog. Smog is a sort of fog with other
substances mixed in Smog has been here a long time. Billions of years ago, volcanoes
sent millions of tons of ash and smoke into the air Winds whipped up dust clouds.
Animal and vegetable matter decayed, adding polluting gases. When people came
along, they began to produce their own kind of air pollution. They discovered fire. In
the Middle Ages, people in cities such as London used soft coal to heat their homes.
The smoke from these fires, combined with moisture in the air, produced dense layers
of smog. The smog would blanket the city for days, particularly in winter. The heat
tied in large cities tends to circulate air within a dome-like shape. This traps the smog
and holds it over the city.
Smog, and the chemicals and other substances in it, can be harmful, even
deadly. Smog blurs vision. It irritates the eyes, the throat, and the things. Eyes water,
throats get sore, people cough. Smog can make people ill. And it can make sick
people sicker. Air pollution has been linked to eczema, asthma, emphysema,
cardiovascular difficulties, and lung and stomach cancer. It also has a harmful effect
on the environment. Food crops and animals suffer. Paint may peel from houses. It is
obvious that we must to everything possible to reduce man-made atmospheric
pollutants and smog.
Smog, along with smoke, is the most visible evidence of atmospheric pollution.
But some atmospheric pollution is not visible and may not become visible until it is
mixed with moisture. Lead compounds from leaded gasoline, hydrocarbons
(unburned gasoline), carbon monoxide, and other gases may pollute the air without
being seen. All air is polluted to some extent. That is, all air carries some polluting
substances. Much of it is natural smoke and ash from volcanoes, dust stirred up by
the wind, compounds given off by growing vegetation, gases given off by rotting
animal and vegetable matter, salt particles from the oceans, and so on. Man adds to
these pollutants by burning coal, oil, gas, gasoline, and many other things.
Before we get to the automobile, however, let us review what we know about
combustion. Most fuels, such as coal, gasoline, and wood, contain hydrogen and
carbon in various chemical combinations. During combustion, oxygen unites with the
hydrogen and carbon to form water (H
2
0), carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon
dioxide (C0
2
).

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