Техническое чтение для энергетиков. Бухарова Г.П. - 24 стр.

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26
moistened in salt water between them. A wire was connected to the first disc of
copper and to the last disc of zinc.
The year 1800 is a date to be remembered: for the first time in the world's
history a continuous current was generated.
Volta's Short Biography. Volta was born in Como, Italy, on February 18, 1745.
For some years he was a teacher of physics in his home town. Later on he became
professor of natural sciences at the University of Pavia. After his famous discovery
he travelled in many countries, among them France, Germany and England. He was
invited to Paris to deliver lectures on the newly discovered chemical source of
continuous current. In 1&19 he returned to Como where he spent the rest of his life.
Volta died at the age of 82.
ELECTRICITY
It is impossible to imagine our civilization without electricity: economic and
social progress will be turned to the past and our daily lives completely transformed.
Electrical power has become universal. Thousands of applications of electricity
such as lighting, electrochemistry and electrometallurgy are longstanding and
unquestionable.
With the appearance of the electrical motor, power cables replaced
transmission shafts, gear wheels, belts and pulleys1 in the 19-th century workshops.
And in the home a whole range of various time and labour saving appliances have
become a part of our everyday lives.
Other devices are based on specific properties of electricity: electrostatics in
the case of photocopying machine and electromagnetism in the case of radar and
television. These applications have made electricity most widely used.
The first industrial application was in the silver workshops in Paris. The
generator – a new compact source of electricity – was also developed there. The
generator replaced the batteries and other devices that had been used before.
Electric lighting came into wide use at the end of the last century with the
development of the electric lamp by Thomas Edison. Then the transformer was
invented, the first electric lines and networks were set up, dynamos and induction
motors were designed.
Since the beginning of the 20th century the successful development of
electricity has begun throughout the industrial world. The consumption of electricity
has doubled every ten years.
Today consumption of electricity per capita is an indicator of the state of
development and economic health of a nation. Electricity has replaced other sources
of energy as it has been realized that it offers improved service and reduced cost.
One of the greatest advantages of electricity is that it is clean, easily-regulated
and generates no by-products. Applications of electricity now cover all fields of
human activity from house washing machines to the latest laser devices. Electricity is
the efficient source of some of the most recent technological advances such as the
laser and electron beams. Truly electricity provides mankind with the energy of the

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