Основы языка программирования C++ с применением объектно-ориентированного программирования. Чернышов М.К. - 14 стр.

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2.3. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ
ɇɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɚɦɢ ɜ ɋɢ/ɋɢ++ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɚ ɫɬɪɭɤ-
ɬɭɪ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ. Ɍɢɩ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɨ-
ɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɤ
ɟɞɢɧɨɦɭ ɰɟɥɨɦɭ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɯɟɦɟ:
struct ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ {ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɬɨɪɵ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ}
ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɬɨɪɵ_ɢɧɢɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɵ;
Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɞɜɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ: ɜɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɨɛɴɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɬɢɩ, ɜɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɨɛɴɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ.
ɂɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ
struct ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ. ɂɦɹ ɬɢɩɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɬɢɩ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɛɟɡɵ-
ɦɹɧɧɵɦ, ɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɹɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɷɬɨ-
ɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ. Ⱦɟɤɥɚɪɚɬɨɪɵ_ɢɧɢɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɵ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɹɸɬ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧ-
ɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ, ɬ.ɟ. ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ, ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɬ ɬɢɩ
ɢ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. Ⱦɟɤɥɚɪɚɬɨɪɵ_ɢɧɢɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ, ɜ
ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɢɩ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ.
ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɧɚ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ
ɬɚɤ:
struct Point_struct // ɂɦɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ
{int x, y;} // Ⱦɟɤɥɚɪɚɬɨɪɵ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ
point1, *ptr_to_point, arpoint[3]; * Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ */
ɑɥɟɧɵ (ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ) ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɨ-
ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɤɚɥɹɪɧɵɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ, ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ,
ɦɚɫɫɢɜɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɨɩɢɫɚ-
ɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ «ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦɢ, ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ
ɨɫɹɦ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ» ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ:
struct Rect1
{
Point p1; // Ʉɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɵ ɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɭɝɥɚ
Point p2; // Ʉɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɵ ɩɪɚɜɨɝɨ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɭɝɥɚ
};
struct Rect2
{
Point p[2];
};
struct Rect3
{
Point p; // Ʌɟɜɵɣ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɭɝɨɥ
int width; // ɒɢɪɢɧɚ
int high; // ȼɵɫɨɬɚ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɚ
};
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2.3. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ

    ɇɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɚɦɢ ɜ ɋɢ/ɋɢ++ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɚ ɫɬɪɭɤ-
ɬɭɪ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ. Ɍɢɩ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɨ-
ɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɤ
ɟɞɢɧɨɦɭ ɰɟɥɨɦɭ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɯɟɦɟ:
     struct ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ {ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɬɨɪɵ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ}
                                    ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɬɨɪɵ_ɢɧɢɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɵ;
     Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɞɜɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ: ɜɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɨɛɴɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɬɢɩ, ɜɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɨɛɴɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ.
     ɂɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ struct ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ. ɂɦɹ ɬɢɩɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɬɢɩ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɛɟɡɵ-
ɦɹɧɧɵɦ, ɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɹɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɷɬɨ-
ɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ. Ⱦɟɤɥɚɪɚɬɨɪɵ_ɢɧɢɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɵ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɹɸɬ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧ-
ɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ, ɬ.ɟ. ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ, ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɬ ɬɢɩ
ɢ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. Ⱦɟɤɥɚɪɚɬɨɪɵ_ɢɧɢɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ, ɜ
ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɢɩ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ.
     ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɧɚ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ
ɬɚɤ:
     struct Point_struct        // ɂɦɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ
        {int x, y;}             // Ⱦɟɤɥɚɪɚɬɨɪɵ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ
     point1, *ptr_to_point, arpoint[3];   * Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ
                                           ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ */
    ɑɥɟɧɵ (ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ) ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɨ-
ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɤɚɥɹɪɧɵɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ, ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ,
ɦɚɫɫɢɜɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɨɩɢɫɚ-
ɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ «ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦɢ, ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ
ɨɫɹɦ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ» ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ:
     struct Rect1
        {
         Point p1;               // Ʉɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɵ ɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɭɝɥɚ
         Point p2;               // Ʉɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɵ ɩɪɚɜɨɝɨ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɭɝɥɚ
        };
     struct Rect2
        {
        Point p[2];
        };
     struct Rect3
        {
        Point p;                   // Ʌɟɜɵɣ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɭɝɨɥ
        int width;                 // ɒɢɪɢɧɚ
        int high;                  // ȼɵɫɨɬɚ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɚ
        };


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