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3.7. Ɍɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɦɚɫɥɹɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɤɢ
ɉɨɞɜɨɞ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɨɬ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɤ ɦɟɫɬɚɦ ɫɦɚɡɤɢ ɢ ɨɬɜɨɞ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɨɬ
ɦɟɫɬ ɫɦɚɡɤɢ ɤ ɪɚɞɢɚɬɨɪɭ ɢ ɜ ɛɚɤ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɝɢɛɤɢɦ
ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚɦ ɢ ɤɚɧɚɥɚɦ ɜ ɞɟɬɚɥɹɯ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ. Ʉɚɧɚɥɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ
ɥɢɬɶɟ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɨɜ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɢɥɢ
ɫɜɟɪɥɟɧɢɟɦ.
ɀɟɫɬɤɢɟ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɵ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɫɦɚɡɤɢ, ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɜɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ. Ⱦɢɚɦɟɬɪ
ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɥɚɜ
ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɸɳɟɣ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɢ 1,5…3 ɦ/ɫ, ɜ ɨɬɤɚɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ – 1,1…1,7 ɦ/ɫ.
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɜ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚɯ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ
ɡɧɚɤɨɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ
ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɵ ɤɪɟɩɹɬ ɤ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦ
ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɠɢɦɨɜ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɦɩɮɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɢɡ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɣ ɪɟɡɢɧɵ, ɮɬɨɪɨɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɢɥɢ
ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɭɬɚɧɤɢ. Ɍɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɵ, ɠɟɫɬɤɨ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɤɨɧɰɚɦ,
ɫɧɚɛɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɢɡɝɢɛɚɦɢ ɢ ɝɢɛɤɢɦɢ ɜɫɬɚɜɤɚɦɢ, ɩɪɨɤɪɵɬɵɦɢ
ɝɨɮɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɩɥɟɬɤɨɣ. Ɋɟɡɶɛɨɜɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ
ɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɹɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɨɣ, ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɱɚɬɵɦɢ ɡɚɦɤɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɭɠɢɧɧɵɦɢ
ɲɚɣɛɚɦɢ.
Ɋɢɫ. 13. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɦɚɫɥɨɛɚɤɚ:
1 – ɡɚɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɚɹ ɝɨɪɥɨɜɢɧɚ; 2 – ɦɚɫɥɨɦɟɪɧɚɹ ɥɢɧɟɣɤɚ; 3 – ɦɚɫɥɨɦɟɪɧɨɟ
ɫɬɟɤɥɨ; 4 – ɩɚɬɪɭɛɤɢ ɫɭɮɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ; 5 – ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ; 6 – ɤɪɚɧ ɫɥɢɜɚ
ɦɚɫɥɚ; 7 – ɦɚɹɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɦɚɫɥɨɡɚɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɫ ɝɪɭɡɨɦ; 8 – ɩɟɪɟɩɭɫɤɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɩɚɧ;
9–ɜɯɨ
ɞ
ɧɨɣ
ɮ
ɢɥɶɬ
ɪ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ ɜ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ
ɫɭɮɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
Ɇɚɫɥɨ ɜ
ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ
Ɇɚɫɥɨ ɨɬ
ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ
10
1 2 3
4
5
6
78
17
1 2 3 4
10
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ ɜ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ
ɫɭɮɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
Ɇɚɫɥɨ ɨɬ
5
ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ
Ɇɚɫɥɨ ɜ
ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ
8 7 6
Ɋɢɫ. 13. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɦɚɫɥɨɛɚɤɚ:
1 – ɡɚɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɚɹ ɝɨɪɥɨɜɢɧɚ; 2 – ɦɚɫɥɨɦɟɪɧɚɹ ɥɢɧɟɣɤɚ; 3 – ɦɚɫɥɨɦɟɪɧɨɟ
ɫɬɟɤɥɨ; 4 – ɩɚɬɪɭɛɤɢ ɫɭɮɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ; 5 – ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ; 6 – ɤɪɚɧ ɫɥɢɜɚ
ɦɚɫɥɚ; 7 – ɦɚɹɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɦɚɫɥɨɡɚɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɫ ɝɪɭɡɨɦ; 8 – ɩɟɪɟɩɭɫɤɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɩɚɧ;
9 – ɜɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ
3.7. Ɍɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɦɚɫɥɹɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɤɢ
ɉɨɞɜɨɞ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɨɬ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɤ ɦɟɫɬɚɦ ɫɦɚɡɤɢ ɢ ɨɬɜɨɞ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɨɬ
ɦɟɫɬ ɫɦɚɡɤɢ ɤ ɪɚɞɢɚɬɨɪɭ ɢ ɜ ɛɚɤ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɝɢɛɤɢɦ
ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚɦ ɢ ɤɚɧɚɥɚɦ ɜ ɞɟɬɚɥɹɯ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ. Ʉɚɧɚɥɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ
ɥɢɬɶɟ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɨɜ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɢɥɢ ɫɜɟɪɥɟɧɢɟɦ.
ɀɟɫɬɤɢɟ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɵ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɫɦɚɡɤɢ, ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɜɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ. Ⱦɢɚɦɟɬɪ
ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɜ
ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɸɳɟɣ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɢ 1,5…3 ɦ/ɫ, ɜ ɨɬɤɚɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ – 1,1…1,7 ɦ/ɫ.
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɜ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚɯ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ
ɡɧɚɤɨɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ
ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɵ ɤɪɟɩɹɬ ɤ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦ
ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɠɢɦɨɜ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɦɩɮɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɢɡ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɣ ɪɟɡɢɧɵ, ɮɬɨɪɨɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɢɥɢ
ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɭɬɚɧɤɢ. Ɍɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɵ, ɠɟɫɬɤɨ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɤɨɧɰɚɦ,
ɫɧɚɛɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɢɡɝɢɛɚɦɢ ɢ ɝɢɛɤɢɦɢ ɜɫɬɚɜɤɚɦɢ, ɩɪɨɤɪɵɬɵɦɢ
ɝɨɮɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɩɥɟɬɤɨɣ. Ɋɟɡɶɛɨɜɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ
ɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɹɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɨɣ, ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɱɚɬɵɦɢ ɡɚɦɤɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɭɠɢɧɧɵɦɢ
ɲɚɣɛɚɦɢ.
