Основы измерений. Долгополов В.Т. - 33 стр.

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ihlhd. Bf_ggh wlh h[klhyl_evkl\h b ^_eZ_l g_\hafh`guf baf_j_gb_ dhglZdlghc jZaghklb
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                                       Jbk. 33.
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klZlbq_kdbo ^Z\e_gbc, ihkdhevdm aZjy^u ihy\b\rb_ky gZ we_dljh^Zo ihkl_i_ggh kl_dZxl
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aZ]jyag_gby, gZijbf_j).
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kbevghc l_fi_jZlmjghc aZ\bkbfhklvx khijhlb\e_gby, ihemijh\h^gbdh\u_, gZijbf_j.
LZdb_ ihemijh\h^gbdh\u_ ^Zlqbdb l_fi_jZlmju bf_gmxl l_jfbklhjZfb. H^gZdh,
ih\ur_gb_ qm\kl\bl_evghklb khijh\h`^Z_lky h^gh\j_f_gghc ihl_j_c ebg_cghklb b
km`_gb_f ^bZiZahgZ baf_j_gbc. J_abklb\gu_ ^Zlqbdb hkh[_ggh qZklh ijbf_gy[lky ijb
baf_j_gbb gbadbo l_fi_jZlmj (L<4K). Ke_^m_l ihfgblv, qlh bo ihdZaZgby kbevgh aZ\bkyl
hl fZ]gblgh]h ihey, ihwlhfm ijboh^blky eb[h dZeb[jh\Zlv ^Zlqbd ^ey gZ[hjZ fZ]gblguo
ihe_c, eb[h ihevah\Zlvky ^Zlqbdhf, \ug_k_gguf ba fZ]gblgh]h ihey.
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lh gZ dhgpZo \hagbdg_l lZd gZau\Z_fZy dhglZdlgZy jZaghklv ihl_gpbZeh\.