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petroleum nanocolloids, which show critical parameters, highly un-
favorable for industrial processing of petroleum. E.g., petroleum
fluids may practically solidify at RT after a short-time residence at
the temperature-defined phase boundary of ca. 28–35°C; native
crudes of diverse origin exhibit sharp viscosity/density peaking at
several composition-defined phase boundaries which are relevant
to compatibility problems. Contrary to widespread assumptions,
the current properties of petroleum nanocolloids (and, hence, the
current properties of petroleum fluids) are not defined solely by
current technological parameters. Of equal/decisive importance are
the details of a preceding history of reservoir development.
We conclude that proper recovery “nanotechnologies” should
be designed and performed with an understanding of importance of
the complex nanophase diagrams of petroleum fluids. Such tech-
nology should include specifically designed processes (employ spe-
cifically selected parameters) to purposely avoid/instigate particu-
lar phase transformations in petroleum nanocolloids in order to
improve (or, at least, not to ruin) the practically important bulk
properties of petroleum. With respect to immediate practical appli-
cations, it should be emphasized that the discussed phase dia-
grams contain only “the most obvious” nanophase boundaries, re-
flect our current knowledge of structural transformations in petro-
leum and should be subjected to further investigation.
Introduction
Nanotechnology has been making its presence felt in the industry
for some time, and many applications are already standard in pe-
troleum refining. E.g., nanostructured zeolites are now used to ex-
tract up to 40% more gasoline than the catalysts they replaced.
1,2
The most obvious application of nanotechnology for upstream op-
erations is development of better materials.
3,4
The oil industry
needs strong, stable materials in virtually all of its processes. By
building up such substances on a nanoscale, it could produce
equipment that is lighter, more resistant, and stronger. Nanotech-
nology could also help develop new metering techniques with tiny
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