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20
However, the Celts were the inventors of chain link armor, iron horse
shoes and were the first to make seamless iron tires for their chariots. Another
important Celtic innovation is soap. The Celtic art style is marked by a preference for
stylized plant motifs, usually of Greek origin, and fantastic animals, derived from the
Scythians and other Russian steppe Indo-Europeans.
Almost all of the original Indo-Europeans worshiped the sun, and the sun
wheel image – the swastika – dominated many designs. The modern Celtic Cross,
regarded today as a Christian symbol, has been directly copied from its original Indo-
European root and is originally a very pagan symbol.
Today, Celtic as a language, has survived at only the extreme ends of the area
occupied by the Celts – Wales, Scotland and a few areas in Ireland.
The Original Indo-European religion
The chief characteristics of this original religion and its array of gods were:
- The world itself was the product of the great world-tree, Yggdrasil, which
reached through all time and space. Yaggdrasil was however always under attack
from an evil serpent, Nidhogg. The fountain of Mimir, source of hidden wisdom, lay
under one of the roots of the tree;
- Worship of any of these gods was usually conducted in the open – often near
holy trees or within arrangements of stones, with the Indo-Europeans using and
building even more megalith sites in Europe for this purpose;
- Odin (called Woden by the Anglo-Saxons and Wodan or Woutan by the
Germans) was the kind of the gods. His two black ravens, Huggin (“Thought” ) and
Munnin (“ Memory” ), flew all over the world to report on the doings of men and gods
alike;
- Odin’s court was in the great citadel of Valhalla, where all brave warriors
went after dying in battle. When Odin himself took to travel he used his eight-footed
steed, Sleipner; armed himself with his spear, Gungnir, and his most precious jewel,
the ring called Draupner;
- Odin was also the god of wisdom, poetry and magic, and he sacrificed an eye
for the privilege of drinking from Mimir, the fountain of wisdom. Odin had three
wives;
- Thor was the eldest son of Odin and the strongest of the gods. He had a magic
hammer, which he threw with the aid of iron gloves and which always returned to
him;
- Frei was the son of the fertility god Njord. Frei was the god of fruitfulness,
prosperity, and peace, and the giver of sunlight and rain. He wakened the earth from
the long sleep of winter, and prayers for a good harvest were addressed to him. Frei
was the patron god of Sweden; his chief shrine was at Uppsala. His sister was Freya;
- Freya was the goddess of love, fertility and beauty, sometimes identified as
the goddess of battle and death. Blond, blue-eyed, and beautiful, Freya traveled of a
golden-bristled boar or in a chariot drawn by cats;
20
However, the Celts were the inventors of chain link armor, iron horse
shoes and were the first to make seamless iron tires for their chariots. Another
important Celtic innovation is soap. The Celtic art style is marked by a preference for
stylized plant motifs, usually of Greek origin, and fantastic animals, derived from the
Scythians and other Russian steppe Indo-Europeans.
Almost all of the original Indo-Europeans worshiped the sun, and the sun
wheel image – the swastika – dominated many designs. The modern Celtic Cross,
regarded today as a Christian symbol, has been directly copied from its original Indo-
European root and is originally a very pagan symbol.
Today, Celtic as a language, has survived at only the extreme ends of the area
occupied by the Celts – Wales, Scotland and a few areas in Ireland.
The Original Indo-European religion
The chief characteristics of this original religion and its array of gods were:
- The world itself was the product of the great world-tree, Yggdrasil, which
reached through all time and space. Yaggdrasil was however always under attack
from an evil serpent, Nidhogg. The fountain of Mimir, source of hidden wisdom, lay
under one of the roots of the tree;
- Worship of any of these gods was usually conducted in the open – often near
holy trees or within arrangements of stones, with the Indo-Europeans using and
building even more megalith sites in Europe for this purpose;
- Odin (called Woden by the Anglo-Saxons and Wodan or Woutan by the
Germans) was the kind of the gods. His two black ravens, Huggin (“Thought”) and
Munnin (“Memory”), flew all over the world to report on the doings of men and gods
alike;
- Odin’s court was in the great citadel of Valhalla, where all brave warriors
went after dying in battle. When Odin himself took to travel he used his eight-footed
steed, Sleipner; armed himself with his spear, Gungnir, and his most precious jewel,
the ring called Draupner;
- Odin was also the god of wisdom, poetry and magic, and he sacrificed an eye
for the privilege of drinking from Mimir, the fountain of wisdom. Odin had three
wives;
- Thor was the eldest son of Odin and the strongest of the gods. He had a magic
hammer, which he threw with the aid of iron gloves and which always returned to
him;
- Frei was the son of the fertility god Njord. Frei was the god of fruitfulness,
prosperity, and peace, and the giver of sunlight and rain. He wakened the earth from
the long sleep of winter, and prayers for a good harvest were addressed to him. Frei
was the patron god of Sweden; his chief shrine was at Uppsala. His sister was Freya;
- Freya was the goddess of love, fertility and beauty, sometimes identified as
the goddess of battle and death. Blond, blue-eyed, and beautiful, Freya traveled of a
golden-bristled boar or in a chariot drawn by cats;
