Английский язык. Горчакова Е.П - 23 стр.

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     6. A forgetter represses painful memories unconsciously.
     7. The three main theories have no difference in their type
        of coding.

                               TEXT
 1
      The scientific investigation of human memory began in
Germany with the study of verbal learning. Hermann
Ebbinghaus, who started these studies, felt that there were
major difficulties in working with meaningful material, so he
invented the nonsense syllable. Nonsense syllables are
constructed by putting together a “no- sense” sequence of
consonant – vowel – consonant. Examples would be “tob”,
“duf”, “yad”. While these syllables may not be completely
nonsensical, they are less familiar and have fewer associations
among them than a collection of meaningful words. In the past
hundred years, the study of human memory has gone far
beyond Ebbinghaus, but the emphasis on verbal memory (now
including meaningful verbal material) remains.

      Psychologists are in some agreement that there are three
different kinds of memory: sensory, short- term, and long-
term. Whether there are three or more (or fewer) kinds of
memory, however, the theorists of today generally agree that
before any experience can be stored in your memory, it must
be coded into one or another kind of information. The process
of coding and storing experiences (during which the nature of
the information may be changed) is referred to as information
processing.
 2
      Sensory memory, the simplest of the three, is of brief
duration, has a relatively large capacity, and processes and
encodes information in a direct, non-distorted manner. The
visual afterimage is an ideal example of a sensory memory
store. Sensory memory, it is clear from all this, accounts for
very little (or perhaps now) of what most people mean by the
term “memory”.
 3
     Short- term memory, the system next in line of
complexity, lasts for only a minute or so. Looking up a
telephone number, closing the book, and then dialing the
number is an example of short- term memory at work. It is
believed that all memories, except sensory memories, start as