Культурология. Горелова А.В - 46 стр.

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tragedies. Julius Caesar its construction resembles a history rather than a
tragedy.
During the third period of his literary career, from 1600 to 1608
Shakespeare wrote the great tragedies that were the peak of his achievement, and
made him truly immortal.
We can't state the reason for it definitely, but we know for certain that
approximately at the turn of the century the world outlook of Shakespeare
radically changed. The joyous spirit of his early plays was gone forever.
In the Middle Ages a tragedy meant a literary work (not necessarily a
play) dealing with the hero's transition from fortune to misfortune and ending
with his death.
Shakespeare brought something new to the tragedy. The hero of any
Shakespearian tragedy perishes by reason of some trait of character that makes
him either prefer some positive ideal to life, or else makes him betray an ideal
and hence, meet his doom. All the tragic characters of Shakespeare are shown in
their development. A hero at the end of the tragedy isn't the man he was at the
beginning, his soul having undergone great changes. This is the first innovation
introduced by Shakespeare.
Shakespeare's second innovation is his way of explaining the evolution
(or degradation) of his heroes by the social factors that form their psychology
and influence their lives. The problems raised in Shakespeare's great tragedies
still produce a terrific impression on our emotions and on our intellect.
In some of the tragedies Shakespeare treats important ethical themes.
Othello, for instance, shows us the conflict between the two moralities. A new
morality, the morality of the Renaissance, is reflected in Othello and Desdemona
who refuse to obey outworn rules and are united by true love, unrestrained by
social or racial prejudices. The other morality, in reality utter immorality, is to
be seen in the hateful figure of Iago.
Many of Shakespeare's great tragedies are devoted to his favourite
themes: the themes of state and society, the nature of power in general and the
institution of monarchy in particular.
The end of the period was also marked by the publication of his sonnets.
The sonnets show how Shakespeare's incomparable poetic style was perfected.
To some extent they raise the veil over his private life, of which we know so
little.
The fourth period is characterized by a considerable change in the style of
Shakespeare's writings. Beaumont and Fletcher became the most popular
dramatists, and the plays of Shakespeare written during his fourth period are
modeled after their dramatic technique. All of them are written around a
dramatic conflict, but the tension in them is not so great as in the tragedies; all of
them have happy endings. The plays are genuinely poetic, but on the whole we
get an impression that he is telling us fairy-tales in which he doesn't believe
himself.
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