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developed. At first, oxyfuel welding was the more popular welding method
due to its portability and relatively low cost. As the 20th century progressed,
it fell out of favor for industrial applications. It was largely replaced with arc
welding, as metal coverings (known as flux) for the electrode that stabilize
the arc and shield the base material from impurities continued to be
developed.
In 1881 a Russian inventor, Benardos demonstrated
the carbon electrode welding process. An arc was formed
between a moderately consumable carbon electrode and the
work. A rod was added to provide needed extra metal.
Termite welding was invented in 1893, another
process, oxyfuel welding, became well established.
Around 1900, A. P. Strohmenger brought a coated
metal electrode in Britain, which had a more stable arc, and
in 1919, alternating current welding was invented by C.J. Holslag, but did not
become popular for another decade.
Resistance welding was developed during the end of the 19th century,
with the first patents going to Elihu Thompson in 1885, and he produced
advances over the next 15 years.
In 1904 Oscar Kjellberg in Sweden, who started ESAB, invented and
patented the covered electrode. This electric welding process made strong
welds of excellent quality.
World War I caused a major surge in the use of welding processes,
with the various military powers attempting to determine which of the several
new welding processes would be best. The British primarily used arc
welding, even constructing a ship, the Fulagar, with an entirely welded hull.
The Americans were more hesitant, but began to recognize the benefits of arc
welding when the process allowed them to repair their ships quickly after a
German attack in the New York Harbor at the beginning of the war. Arc
welding was first applied to aircraft during the war as well, as some German
airplane fuselages were constructed using the process.
During the 1920s, major advances were made in welding technology,
including the introduction of automatic welding in 1920, in which electrode
wire was fed continuously.
Shielding gas became a subject receiving much attention, as scientists
attempted to protect welds from the effects of oxygen and nitrogen in the
atmosphere. Porosity and brittleness were the primary problems, and the
solutions that developed included the use of hydrogen, argon, and helium as
welding atmospheres.
During the following decade, further advances allowed for the welding
of reactive metals like aluminum and magnesium. This, in conjunction with
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