Radiophysics. Халюшева Г.Р. - 17 стр.

         1. What inventions preceded the discovery of X–rays? 2. What kind of device was Rontgen experimenting with? 3.
What kind of device is the Crookes tube? 4. What phenomenon attracted Rontgen’s attention while he was experimenting
with the Crookes tube? 5. What did Rontgen notice when he switched on the current? 6. What puzzled Rontgen? 7. Were
was the mysterious glow coming from? 8. What was the source of those mysterious rays? 9. Why did Rontgen call those
all–penetrating rays X–rays? 10. What materials can X–rays penetrate? 11. By what materials are X–rays stopped? 12. What
are the main fields of application of X–rays? 13. Did the discovery of X–rays contribute much to the development of
science?

         3.4.4    Translate the following sentences and state how the attributes are expressed
                                                                    A
          1. X–rays penetrate steel sheets and aluminium plates. 2. A thick glass wall screens the operator from the stream of
uranium particles. 3. Central electric power stations are using steam at high temperature and pressure. 4. In almost all four–
and six–cylinder engines the cylinders are arranged one behind another. 5. The high efficiencies obtained from modern
internal combustion and compression ignition engines have brought about improvements in the steam generation processes.
6. The lubrication of machine parts is effected by means of high–pressure oil systems driven by an electric pump.

                                                                        B
          1. The piston descending to the bottom of the cylinder pushes the exhaust gases out. 2. As the descending piston
approaches the end of its stroke, there is but little pressure left in the cylinder. 3. The emerging rays could be clearly seen. 4.
The rays emerging out of the cathode were clearly seen in the darkened laboratory. 5. The nature of the newly discovered
rays was unknown to Rontgen. 6. The rays discovered by Rontgen were called by him X–rays.
                                                                        C
          1. A bill to protect the population against self–propelled vehicles was issued by the English government when the
first cars appeared in England. 2. The machine to be tested has been designed by one of our engineers. 3. Rontgen made a
lead screen to be used as protection against X–rays effect.

         3.4.5    Reproduce the Text

         3.4.6    Read the following text without using a dictionary and give a summary of it
                                                   The World’s First X–Ray Picture
          Joseph Thomson Crookes was very much interested in the composition and possibilities of cathode rays which he
had discovered.
          But when cathode–ray tubes first appeared scientists thought that they were of no practical value, except for
scientific research. Only in 1895 something changed that attitude. With the help of a cathode–ray tube, a German physicist,
Doctor Wilhelm Konrad Rontgen, made his historic discovery of X–rays. One day, during the course of experimenting with
the Crookes tube in his laboratory the scientist enclosed the tube in a lightproof box. Then he darkened his workshop to
check whether any light was coming from the tube. To his surprise he noticed a glow coming from a nearby object, a metal
screen coated with a fluorescent chemical. Rontgen thought that his cathode tube was giving off some kind of radiation
rather than emitting light, but what it was he could not say. Thus he gave the name X–ray to the unknown radiation.
          Soon Rontgen found that those X–rays affected photographic plate. He made his wife place her hand on a
photographic plate and armed the mysterious rays upon it. The bone structure of the hand was closely outlined on the plate.
Thus he had taken the world’s first X–ray picture.

        3.4.7    Read and translate the following text without a dictionary and write 8–10 questions covering the
main idea of the text


          It is assumed that the scientific revolution of our time began with the discovery of X–rays by Rontgen in 1895. In
its turn the discovery of X–rays led to the study of the nature of the atom, then, through the quantum theory, to nuclear
analysis. This was followed by the discovery of the properties of electromagnetic waves. The latter were immediately made
use of for signalling, for the wireless and for the devices that made the wireless effective. One of those devices, actually the
very first one, was the three–electrode valve, which had been successfully operating until it was replaced by a great variety
of transistors, masers and lasers∗. There is no doubt that the use of highly sensitive semiconductors, masers and lasers and


*
 maser = microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation