Материалы для контроля знаний студентов по курсу "Введение в химическую экологию". Хохлова О.Н. - 23 стр.

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2. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɨɬ ɧɟɮɬɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ ɫ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ 300 ɦ
3
/ɱ. ɇɚɱɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ
ɧɟɮɬɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ – 7000 ɦɝ/ɥ, ɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ – 70 ɦɝ/ɥ. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɣɬɟ
ɦɚɫɫɭ ɧɟɮɬɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬ ɢɡ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɡɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɝɨɞ.
3. ɋɚɦɵɦ ɞɟɲɟɜɵɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ, ɫɧɢɠɚɸɳɢɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ, ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɹɤ ɋɚɋɈ
3
. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɣɬɟ, ɤɚɤɨɟ
ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɧɚɞɨɛɢɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ 1000 ɦ
3
ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɪɇ 4, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɧɚ ɛɢɨɨɱɢɫɬɤɭ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɇ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 6–7 ɟɞɢɧɢɰ.
4. Ⱦɜɚ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɭɞɚ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ
ɞɪɭɝɚ, ɪɚɜɧɵ ɩɨ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɢ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ, ɧɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɛɭɮɟɪɧɨɣ
ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɜ ɧɢɯ.
Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɣɬɟ, ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɨɧɚɞɨɛɢɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɇ ɩɪɭɞɨɜ ɫ
6,5 ɟɞɢɧɢɰ ɞɨ 5,6 ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɩɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜ
ɷɬɨɣ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɩɚɞɚɟɬ 750 ɦɦ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɜ ɝɨɞ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɪɇ 5,0;
ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɩɪɭɞɚ – 600 ɦ
2
, ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ 5 ɦ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ
ɋɚɋɈ
3
ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɪɭɞɭ 5,10
-5
Ɇ, ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ – 5,10
-7
Ɇ. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ
ɩɪɢɦɢɬɟ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɜɨɞɵ, ɢɫɩɚɪɹɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ
ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɩɪɭɞɚ, ɪɚɜɟɧ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɜɵɩɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ.
5. ȼ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɚɯ ɯɢɦɢɤɨ-ɮɚɪɦɚɰɟɜɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɬɚ ɛɵɥ
ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧ ɯɥɨɪɢɞ ɪɬɭɬɢ ɇgCl
2
, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ
5 ɦɝ/ɥ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɪɟɲɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɨɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ
ɨɫɚɞɢɬɟɥɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢ ɫɭɥɶɮɢɞ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ Na
2
S ɦɚɫɫɨɣ 420 ɝ. Ȼɭɞɭɬ ɥɢ
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɵ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɫɛɪɨɫ ɜ
ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɣ ɜɨɞɨɟɦ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ 10 000 ɦ
3
ɜɨɞɵ? ɉȾɄ
ɇgCl2
= 0,0001 ɦɝ/ɥ.
Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ – 300 ɦ
3
.
Ɍɹɠɟɥɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ
1. ɂɡ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɬɨɬ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ;
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɚɧɢɨɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɜɬɨɪɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ. Ɋɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟ
ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɢɠɟ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ ɜ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ
ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ
PbCO
3
7,41
.
10
-14
PbS 2,51
.
10
-27
PbHPO
4
1,41
.
10
-10
Pb
3
(PO
4
)
2
1,21
.
10
-47
Pb(OH)
2
1,0
.
10
-20
23
    2. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɨɬ ɧɟɮɬɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ ɫ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ 300 ɦ3/ɱ. ɇɚɱɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ
ɧɟɮɬɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ – 7000 ɦɝ/ɥ, ɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ – 70 ɦɝ/ɥ. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɣɬɟ
ɦɚɫɫɭ ɧɟɮɬɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬ ɢɡ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɡɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɝɨɞ.

    3. ɋɚɦɵɦ ɞɟɲɟɜɵɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ, ɫɧɢɠɚɸɳɢɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ, ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɹɤ ɋɚɋɈ3. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɣɬɟ, ɤɚɤɨɟ
ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɧɚɞɨɛɢɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ 1000 ɦ3
ɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɪɇ 4, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɧɚ ɛɢɨɨɱɢɫɬɤɭ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɇ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 6–7 ɟɞɢɧɢɰ.

     4. Ⱦɜɚ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɭɞɚ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ
ɞɪɭɝɚ, ɪɚɜɧɵ ɩɨ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɢ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ, ɧɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɛɭɮɟɪɧɨɣ
ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɜ ɧɢɯ.
Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɣɬɟ, ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɨɧɚɞɨɛɢɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɇ ɩɪɭɞɨɜ ɫ
6,5 ɟɞɢɧɢɰ ɞɨ 5,6 ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɩɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜ
ɷɬɨɣ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɩɚɞɚɟɬ 750 ɦɦ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɜ ɝɨɞ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɪɇ 5,0;
ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɩɪɭɞɚ – 600 ɦ2 , ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ 5 ɦ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ
ɋɚɋɈ3 ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɪɭɞɭ 5,10-5 Ɇ, ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ – 5,10-7 Ɇ. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ
ɩɪɢɦɢɬɟ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɜɨɞɵ, ɢɫɩɚɪɹɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ
ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɩɪɭɞɚ, ɪɚɜɟɧ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɜɵɩɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ.

    5. ȼ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɚɯ ɯɢɦɢɤɨ-ɮɚɪɦɚɰɟɜɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɬɚ ɛɵɥ
ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧ ɯɥɨɪɢɞ ɪɬɭɬɢ ɇgCl2, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ
5 ɦɝ/ɥ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɪɟɲɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɨɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ
ɨɫɚɞɢɬɟɥɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢ ɫɭɥɶɮɢɞ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ Na2S ɦɚɫɫɨɣ 420 ɝ. Ȼɭɞɭɬ ɥɢ
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɵ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɫɛɪɨɫ ɜ
ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɣ ɜɨɞɨɟɦ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ 10 000 ɦ3 ɜɨɞɵ? ɉȾɄɇgCl2 = 0,0001 ɦɝ/ɥ.
Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ – 300 ɦ3.

    Ɍɹɠɟɥɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ

    1. ɂɡ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɬɨɬ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ;
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɚɧɢɨɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɜɬɨɪɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ. Ɋɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟ
ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɢɠɟ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ ɜ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ
ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ.
            ɉɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ
    PbCO3             7,41.10-14
    PbS               2,51.10-27
    PbHPO4            1,41.10-10
    Pb3(PO4)2         1,21.10-47
    Pb(OH)2           1,0.10-20
                              23

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