Строение атома и периодическая система элементов. Хови А.М. - 35 стр.

UptoLike

ВУЗ: 

ВГУ | Воронеж

Составители: 

Рубрика: 

35
ëîãàðèôìè÷åñêîé øêàëå ïîðÿäêîâûé íîìåð ýëåìåíòà, à ïî îñè îðäèíàò
(òàêæå â ëîãàðèôìè÷åñêîé øêàëå)- êâàäðàòíûé êîðåíü èç ýíåðãèè ýëåêò-
ðîíà (çà åäèíèöó ýíåðãèè âçÿòà âåëè÷èíà -13,6 ýÂ- ýíåðãèÿ ýëåêòðîíà â
íåâîçáóæäåííîì àòîìå âîäîðîäà). Èç ïðèâåäåííûõ êðèâûõ âèäíî, ÷òî ýíåð-
ãèÿ îðáèòàëåé óìåíüøàåòñÿ ñ âîçðàñòàíèåì çàðÿäà ÿäðà.
Ïîëåçíî çàïîìíèòü ïðîñòîå ïðàâèëî Êëå÷êîâñêîãî äëÿ çàïîëíåíèÿ îð-
áèòàëåé ýëåêòðîíàìè (áåç ó÷åòà ïðîñêîêîâ ýëåêòðîíîâ):
Çàïîëíåíèå ýëåêòðîííûõ îáîëî÷åê â àòîìàõ ýëåìåíòîâ ïðîèñõîäèò â
ïîðÿäêå âîçðàñòàíèÿ ñóììû ïåðâûõ äâóõ êâàíòîâûõ ÷èñåë (n+l); ïðè ðà-
âåíñòâå ýòèõ ñóìì äëÿ äâóõ îáîëî÷åê ñíà÷àëà çàïîëíÿåòñÿ îáîëî÷êà ñ
ìåíüøèì çíà÷åíèåì n.
Ïðèìåð: ïðè âûÿñíåíèè ïåðâîî÷åðåäíîñòè çàïîëíåíèÿ îáîëî÷åê 3d-
èëè 4s- âàëåíòíûìè ýëåêòðîíàìè ñðàâíèâàþò ñóììû (n+l) äëÿ îðáèòàëè
3d (3+2=5) è 4s (4+0=4), îòñþäà ñëåäóåò, ÷òî âàëåíòíûé ýëåêòðîí ñíà÷à-
ëà çàïîëíÿåò îðáèòàëü 4s-, à íå 3d-.
éûíìîòÀ
ðåìîí
ëîâìèÑ
àòíåìåëý
ÿàííîðòêåëÝ
ÿèöàðóãèôíîê
ÿàííåùàðêîÑ
üñèïàÇ
éîííîðòêåëý
èèöàðóãèôíîê
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
01
11
21
31
41
51
61
71
81
91
02
H
eH
iL
eB
B
C
N
O
F
eN
aN
gM
lA
iS
P
S
lC
eN
K
aC
s1
1
s1
2
s1
2
s2
1
s1
2
s2
2
s1
2
s2
2
p2
1
s1
2
s2
2
p2
2
s1
2
s2
2
p2
3
s1
2
s2
2
p2
4
s1
2
s2
2
p2
5
s1
2
s2
2
p2
6
s1
2
s2
2
p2
6
s3
1
s1
2
s2
2
p2
6
s3
2
s1
2
s2
2
p2
6
s3
2
p3
1
s1
2
s2
2
p2
6
s3
2
p3
2
s1
2
s2
2
p2
6
s3
2
p3
3
s1
2
s2
2
p2
6
s3
2
p3
4
s1
2
s2
2
p2
6
s3
2
p3
5
s1
2
s2
2
p2
6
s3
2
p3
6
s1
2
s2
2
p2
6
s3
2
p3
6
s4
1
s1
2
s2
2
p2
6
s3
2
p3
6
s4
2
s1
1
s1
2
]eH[=
s2]eH[
1
s2]eH[
2
s2]eH[
2
p2
1
s2]eH[
2
p2
2
s2]eH[
2
p2
3
s2]eH[
2
p2
4
s2]eH[
2
p2
5
s2]eH[
2
p2
6
]eN[=
s3]eN[
1
s3]eN[
2
s3]eN[
2
p3
1
s3]eN[
2
p3
2
s3]eN[
2
p3
3
s3]eN[
2
p3
4
s3]eN[
2
p3
5
s3]eN[
2
p3
6
]rA[=
s4]rA[
1
s4]rA[
2
Òàáëèöà 3 Ýëåêòðîííûå êîíôèãóðàöèè îñíîâíîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ
äëÿ ïåðâûõ 20 ýëåìåíòîâ
     Òàáëèöà 3 Ýëåêòðîííûå êîíôèãóðàöèè îñíîâíîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ
                     äëÿ ïåðâûõ 20 ýëåìåíòîâ
                                                    Ñîêðàùåííàÿ
  Àòîìíûé       Ñèìâîë          Ýëåêòðîííàÿ            Çàïèñü
   íîìåð       ýëåìåíòà        êîíôèãóðàöèÿ          ýëåêòðîííîé
                                                    êîíôèãóðàöèè

      1            H               1s 1                   1s1
      2            He              1s2                1s =[He]
                                                          2

     3             Li             1s22s1               [He]2s1
     4             Be             1s22s2               [He]2s2
     5             B            1s22s22p1            [He]2s22p1
     6             C            1s22s22p2            [He]2s22p2
     7             N            1s22s22p3            [He]2s22p3
      8            O            1s22s22p4            [He]2s22p4
     9              F           1s22s22p5            [He]2s22p5
     10            Ne           1s22s22p6          [He]2s22p6=[Ne]
     11            Na          1s22s22p63s1            [Ne]3s1
     12            Mg          1s22s22p63s2            [Ne]3s2
     13            Al        1s22s22p63s23p1         [Ne]3s23p1
     14            Si        1s22s22p63s23p2         [Ne]3s23p2
     15            P         1s22s22p63s23p3         [Ne]3s23p3
     16            S         1s22s22p63s23p4         [Ne]3s23p4
     17            Cl        1s22s22p63s23p5         [Ne]3s23p5
     18            Ne        1s22s22p63s23p6       [Ne]3s23p6=[Ar]
     19            K        1s22s22p63s23p64s1          [Ar]4s1
     20            Ca       1s22s22p63s23p64s2         [Ar]4s2

ëîãàðèôìè÷åñêîé øêàëå ïîðÿäêîâûé íîìåð ýëåìåíòà, à ïî îñè îðäèíàò
(òàêæå â ëîãàðèôìè÷åñêîé øêàëå)- êâàäðàòíûé êîðåíü èç ýíåðãèè ýëåêò-
ðîíà (çà åäèíèöó ýíåðãèè âçÿòà âåëè÷èíà -13,6 ýÂ- ýíåðãèÿ ýëåêòðîíà â
íåâîçáóæäåííîì àòîìå âîäîðîäà). Èç ïðèâåäåííûõ êðèâûõ âèäíî, ÷òî ýíåð-
ãèÿ îðáèòàëåé óìåíüøàåòñÿ ñ âîçðàñòàíèåì çàðÿäà ÿäðà.
   Ïîëåçíî çàïîìíèòü ïðîñòîå ïðàâèëî Êëå÷êîâñêîãî äëÿ çàïîëíåíèÿ îð-
áèòàëåé ýëåêòðîíàìè (áåç ó÷åòà “ïðîñêîêî┠ýëåêòðîíîâ):
   “Çàïîëíåíèå ýëåêòðîííûõ îáîëî÷åê â àòîìàõ ýëåìåíòîâ ïðîèñõîäèò â
ïîðÿäêå âîçðàñòàíèÿ ñóììû ïåðâûõ äâóõ êâàíòîâûõ ÷èñåë (n+l); ïðè ðà-
âåíñòâå ýòèõ ñóìì äëÿ äâóõ îáîëî÷åê ñíà÷àëà çàïîëíÿåòñÿ îáîëî÷êà ñ
ìåíüøèì çíà÷åíèåì n”.
   Ïðèìåð: ïðè âûÿñíåíèè ïåðâîî÷åðåäíîñòè çàïîëíåíèÿ îáîëî÷åê 3d-
èëè 4s- âàëåíòíûìè ýëåêòðîíàìè ñðàâíèâàþò ñóììû (n+l) äëÿ îðáèòàëè
3d (3+2=5) è 4s (4+0=4), îòñþäà ñëåäóåò, ÷òî âàëåíòíûé ýëåêòðîí ñíà÷à-
ëà çàïîëíÿåò îðáèòàëü 4s-, à íå 3d-.
                                                                   35

Страницы