Test Yourself. Иванова Ю.В - 56 стр.

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were in effect, before the invention of writing in about 3500 B.C. The

earliest known (3) ______________________________ was written by Ur-

Nammu, a king of the Mesopotamian city of Ur, in about 2100 B.C. It dealt

largely with compensation for bodily (4)

_________________________________, and with the penalties for

witchcraft and runaway (5) ______________________________.

wrongdoer, oath, method, innocence, trial

Early Juries

In medieval Europe, trials were usually decided by ordeals, in which it

was believed God intervened, revealing the (6)

________________________ and upholding the righteous. In the ordeal by

water, for instance, a priest admonished the water not to accept a liar. The

person whose oath was being tested was then thrown in. If he floated, his

(7) _________________________ was deemed to have been perjured. If he

was telling the truth, he might drown but his (8)

_________________________ was clear.

In 1215, however, the Catholic Church decided that (9)

__________________________ by ordeal was superstition, and priests

were forbidden to take part. As a result, a new (10)

__________________________ of trial was needed, and the jury system

emerged.