Английский язык. Жесткова М.В - 130 стр.

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130
Computer networking makes cooperative work possible, without the workers leaving home or
office.
Notes
:
1
magnetic levitation – магнитная левитация (поднятие)
2
hydrofoil – корабль на подводных крыльях
3
hull – корпус
4
hovercraft – судно на воздушной подушке
To be read after Lesson 6
[15] BRIDGES
The invention of the steam locomotive changed bridge building because stronger spans
1
were
needed. Iron was first used for chain cables of a suspension bridge
2
over the Tees River, in England,
in 1741. The flooring
3
was laid directly upon the cables. Abraham Darby and John Wilkinson built
the first iron bridge over the Severn River at Coalbrookdale, England, in 1779. This 100-foot (30-
meter) arch bridge is still in service. Thomas Telford built the first modern iron arch bridge in 1813.
It is Craig Ellachie Bridge over the Spey River, Scotland, with a 150-foot (46-meter) span. It was
not built up of cast-iron blocks in imitation of masonry as were previous iron arch bridges but was
the first to use an arch made up of iron trusses
4
. In 1819 – 1824 Telford built the forerunner of the
modern suspension bridges – the 570-foot (174-meter) span over Menai Strait in Wales. It had
wrought-iron
5
chains for cables.
The first to design railroad bridges was George Stephenson, who with his son Robert invented
the Rocket, the first practical locomotive. Robert Stephenson built the Britannia Tubular Bridge over
Menai Strait in 1846. Its two boxlike tubes were made of iron plates riveted
6
together. Many truss
designs were patented in the 1850s for railroad bridges. After numerous failures of cast-iron bridges,
wrought iron was used, then steel.
The first bridge to use steel extensively was the triple-arched Eads Bridge over the Mississippi
at St.Louis, Mo., in 1874. It was an important link in the transcontinental railroad and made St.Louis
a crossroads. This bridge was named after James B. Eads who designed it and was in charge of its
construction. The modern era of steel arch building began in the 20th century. The Bayonne Bridge,
completed in 1931 over Kill van Kull between New York and New Jersey, has a 1,652-foot (504-
meter) span. Australia’s Sydney Harbor Bridge, finished in 1932, is only 2 feet (0.6 meter) shorter.
At the turn of the 20th century, the construction of masonry arch bridges reached its peak. Then the
more economical and easier to use concrete became common for arch bridges. Later, reinforced
concrete
7
and then prestressed concrete
8
were used.
Notes
:
1
span – пролёт моста
2
suspension bridge – висячий мост
3
flooring – настил
4
truss – балка, ферма (моста)
5
wrought iron – кованое железо
6
to rivet – приковывать
7
reinforced concrete – железобетон
8
prestressed concrete – предварительно напряжённый бетон
To be read after Lesson 7
[16] CHARLES BABBAGE (1792–1871)
Although he was a 19
th
century mathematician, is credited with inventing the modern computer.
He also designed a type of speedometer and the cowcatcher
1
(a frame on the front of a locomotive
that tosses obstacles off the railroad tracks).
Charles Babbage was born on Dec. 26, 1792, in Teignmouth, Devon, England. At age 19 he
helped found the Analytical Society, whose purpose was to introduce developments from Europe

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