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are the most popular, and are known as
light wines
because they are only 10…14 % alcohol-content by volume. Apéritif and dessert
wines contain 14…20 % alcohol, and are sometimes fortified to make them richer and sweeter.
E x e r c i s e O n e
. Mark whether the statements below are true or false:
1. Wine is important in cuisine not just for its value as a beverage, but as a flavor agent.
2. Al Biruni didn’t describe recipes where herbs, minerals and even gemstones are mixed with wine for medicinal
purposes.
3. Muslim chemists pioneered the distillation of wine.
4. In the Islamic world, wine was used during the Islamic Golden Age.
5. In places such as Germany, beer was banned and considered pagan and barbaric.
6. In medieval Europe, the Roman Catholic Church was a staunch enemy of wine.
7. The oldest known evidence of wine production in Europe is dated to 4500 BC and comes from archaeological sites
in Greece.
8. Other fruits indigenous to the region, such as hawthorn, could be ruled out.
9. Grapes were used together with rice to produce mixed fermented beverages in China.
10. The earliest production of wine, made by fermenting grapes, took place in sites in Greece.
E x e r c i s e T w o
. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form
Wine (to be) an alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of grape juice. The natural chemical balance of grapes is such
that they can ferment without the addition of sugars, acids, enzymes or other nutrients. Wine (to produce) by fermenting crushed
grapes using various types of yeast which consume the sugars (to find) in the grapes and convert them into alcohol. Various varieties
of grapes and strains of yeasts (to use) depending on the types of wine produced.
Although other fruits such as apples and berries can also (to ferment), the resultant "wines" normally (to name) after the fruit
from which they (to produce) (for example, apple wine or elderberry wine) and are generically known as
fruit
or
country wine
.
Others, such as barley wine and rice wine (e.g. sake), (to make) from starch-based materials and resemble beer and spirit more than
wine, while ginger wine (to fortify) with brandy. In these cases, the use of the term "wine" is a reference to the higher alcohol
content, rather than production process. The commercial use of the English word "wine" (and its equivalent in other languages) (to
protect) by law in many jurisdictions.
Wine has a rich history dating back to around 6000 BC and is thought to have originated in areas now within the borders of
Georgia and Iran. Wine probably (to appear) in Europe at about 4500 BC in what is now Bulgaria and Greece, and was very common
in ancient Greece, Thrace and Rome. Wine has also played an important role in religion throughout history. The Greek god Dionysos
and the Roman equivalent Bacchus represented wine, and the drink (to use) also in Christian and Jewish ceremonies such as the
Eucharist and Kiddush.
The word "wine" derives from the Proto-Germanic *
winam
, an early borrowing from the Latin
vinum
, "wine" or "(grape) vine",
itself derived from the Proto-Indo-European stem *win-o- (cf. Ancient Greek
οῖνος
–
oînos
, Aeolic Greek
ϝοίνος
–
woinos
). Similar
words for wine or grapes (to find) in the Semitic languages (cf. Arabic و?@
wayn
) and in Georgian (
ğvino
); some consider the term to
be a
wanderwort
, or "wandering word".
E x e r c i s e T h r e e
. Read, translate and sum up the information from the following article.
Europe classification
Regulations govern the classification and sale of wine in many regions of the world. European wines tend to be classified by
region (e.g. Bordeaux and Chianti), while non-European wines are most often classified by grape (e.g. Pinot Noir and Merlot). More
and more, however, market recognition of particular regions is leading to their increased prominence on non-European wine labels.
Examples of non-European recognized locales include: Napa Valley in California, Barossa Valley in Australia, Willamette Valley in
Oregon, and Marlborough in New Zealand.
Some blended wine names are marketing terms, and the use of these names is governed by trademark or copyright law rather
than by specific wine laws. For example, Meritage (sounds like "heritage") is generally a Bordeaux-style blend of Cabernet Sauvignon
and Merlot, and may also include Cabernet Franc, Petit Verdot, and Malbec. Commercial use of the term "Meritage" is allowed only
via licensing agreements with an organization called the "Meritage Association".
France has an appellation system based on the concept of terroir, with classifications which range from Vin de Table ("table wine") at
the bottom, through Vin de Pays and Vin Délimité de Qualité Supérieure (VDQS) up to Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée (AOC). Portugal
has something similar and, in fact, pioneered this technique back in 1756 with a royal charter which created the "Demarcated Douro
Region" and regulated wine production and trade. Germany did likewise in 2002, although their system has not yet achieved the authority
of those of the other countries'. Spain and Italy have classifications which are based on a dual system of region of origin and quality of
product.
E x e r c i s e F o u r
. Choose the best phrase from the given below to fill each of the gaps:
should be tasted
,
before serving
,
breathing
,
In addition to aeration
,
their character and flavor intensity
,
in aroma
,
from aeration
,
Sediment
,
Decanting
Some wine labels suggest opening the bottle and letting the wine "breathe" for a couple hours 1. _____, while others recommend
drinking it immediately. 2. _____ – the act of pouring a wine into a special container just for breathing–is a controversial subject in
wine. 3. _____, decanting with a filter allows one to remove bitter sediments that may have formed in the wine. 4. _____ is more
common in older bottles but younger wines usually benefit more 5. _____ During aeration, the exposure of younger wines to air often
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