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5) Japan produced the first
commercially available robotic pet,
called Aibo, a small electronic dog that
several owners on Aibonet.com
describe as part of the family. Aibo is
not alone. Dr Thomas Consi of MIT has
produced the 'robolobster' which is
capable of imitating lobsters' abilities to
sense chemicals in the water
surrounding them. Researchers at
Edinburgh's Mobile Robot Group have
made the world's first cyber-cricket.
These machines are important because
they demonstrate that simple processes
can result in complex behaviours. The
robots use 'neural nets', connected
processors that have an input level
associated with each processor. When
an input signal exceeds a certain value,
the processor Tires' a signal to other
processors as output. Because neural
nets can recognize patterns in data,
they can be 'trained' with samples of
data which are then revised to improve
the response.
The most important crossover, however,
is not between animal and robot but
between man and machine.
Quadriplegics and paraplegics have
been testing computer connections for
some time to bypass injured nerves, but
Professor Kevin Warwick, head of the
Department of Cybernetics at the
University of Reading, is currently
conducting experiments which could
lead to more of us becoming cyborgs.
Professor Warwick has previously had a
chip fitted into his arm which could
activate sensors in doors and
computers as he approached. He will
soon have another transponder
surgically implanted in his arm to record
electrical signals controlling his
movements, which can be played back
so that he is then controlled by a
prerecorded self. He predicts that such
a technology could, one day, enable us
6) Each year teams take part in an
international football competition. The
teams are organized into five leagues
and the prize is a cup. Not just any
cup, but the Robocup, for the players
are all robots. They don't play on turf
but the objective is the same, to hit a
ball into a goal. The aim behind the
Robocup is to promote the
development of robots which can work
together. Football is a good test of co-
operation for any team and the robots
are no exception. Although robot
footballers are poor competition for a
human team, each year their
performance gets better and each
year the standards expected are
raised so that competitors must
constantly develop better hardware
and software.
The top league is the Sony legged
robot division. They use modified
versions of the well-known Sony
robodog AIBO. A humanoid league
will start as soon as there are
sufficient two-legged players. The
organizer of the Robocup is confident
in the future of robotics, 'By mid-21st
century, a team of fully autonomous
humanoid soccer players will win a
soccer game, complying with the
official rules of FIFA, against the
winner of the most recent World Cup.'
Other sporting events for robots exist.
For example, The British Association
for the Advancement of Science
organizes a two-a-side event called
Robot Volley Ball. The players' task is
simply to return a ball within 60
seconds of its being served. The
objective again, is to promote the
development of robots which can work
cooperatively. The advantages of
having robots which can tackle a
range of tasks together rather than
constructing single expensive robots
designed for one task only are
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