The cell. Кулагина Ж.Д. - 37 стр.

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stranger. 6. He ordered that I should have done such a thing. 8. The instruments
were packed carefully lest they should be broken during transportation.




      Ex. 12. Translate into Russian, paying particular attention to the functions
of Gerund.

1. One way of studying animals and plants is to begin with their functions. 2. By
subjecting plants to sound of definite pitch it is possible to stimulate or hinder
their growth. 3. Luminosity of living organisms is their mode of giving off
excessive energy. 4. He could think of nothing but his going on the sea voyage.
5. The bill of a duck is flat and broad to fit it for pushing through mud and
straining food. 6. Science is viewed as a way of gaining knowledge. 7. Upon
being tested, a hypothesis may have to be abandoned or modified. 8. Seeing is
believing. 9. Before boiling these instruments you should clean them.

      Ex. 13. Read text B and suggest a suitable title for it.

                                      Text B
       Assimilation is the utilization or absorption by cell of various substances
derived from its environment together with the potential energy of these
substances, and the building-up and replacement of disintegrated cell
components. Thus, for the metabolism of man to take place it requires
approximately 1.5 tons of oxygen and food a year, the total calorific value of
this food being over one million calories (kilocalories). The average daily
requirement is 0.86 kilogram of oxygen, 2.1 kilogram of water, 0.81 kilogram of
organic substances and 0.1 kilogram of mineral salts. The total calorific value of
the food to be consumed by a person in one day is about 3.000 calories. In 70
years of life a human being requires 50 tons of water, 2.5 tons of protein, two
tons of fat, ten tons of carbohydrates and between 0.2 and 0.3 ton of mineral
salts.
       Disassimilation is the breaking down of the constituents of an organism
either by way of oxidation or by decomposition in the absence of oxygen. As a
result of the “burning up” of various substances of the cell body end-products of
metabolism (wastes) are eliminated into the surrounding medium.
       The decomposition of matter liberates energy required for the vital
functions to be performed, functions associated with both activity and state of
quiescence of an organism. The energy expended on respiration during one night
by a sleeping person would be enough to raise a load of 500 kilograms.
Respiration is not the only work done during sleep, organs must also work – the
digestive and excretory systems, the heart and blood circulation, etc.