Психология зависимости. Макушина О.П. - 29 стр.

Strikes, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – American Tobacco Co. ɗɬɚ ɠɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ ɜ 1954 ɝɨ-
ɞɭ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɜɵɩɭɫɬɢɥɚ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɫɢɝɚɪɟɬɵ ɫ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɦ – Winston. Ɉɧɢ ɛɵɥɢ
ɧɨɦɟɪɨɦ ɨɞɢɧ, ɩɨɤɚ ɜ 1976 ɝɨɞɭ ɢɯ ɧɟ ɨɛɨɝɧɚɥ Philip Morris ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ
Marlboro. Ⱥ ɜ 1926 ɝɨɞɭ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɚɹ ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜ-
ɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ.
      ɉɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɝɚɪɟɬ ɧɟɩɪɟɫɬɚɧɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɟɦ ɜ 1919
ɝɨɞɭ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɪɚɤɚ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ, ɚ ɜ 1964
ɝɨɞɭ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɯɢɪɭɪɝ ɋɒȺ Ʌɸɬɟɪ Ɍɟɪɪɢ ɡɚɹɜɢɥ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɪɚɤ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɟɞ-
ɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɭɪɟɧɢɹ. ɋ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ ɜɟɫɶ ɦɢɪ ɢ ɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɩɪɹɦɨ ɤɭɪɹɳɢɯ ɢ ɭɩɪɹɦɨ
ɛɨɪɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫ ɤɭɪɟɧɢɟɦ.
      ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɢɤɨɬɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɪɜɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɚɛɨɜɵɪɚ-
ɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɞɟɩɪɟɫɫɢɟɣ. ɍ ɤɭɪɹɳɢɯ ɥɢɰ ɧɢɤɨɬɢɧ ɜɵɡɵ-
ɜɚɟɬ ɫɦɹɝɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɬɪɟɫɫ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɟɜɨɝɢ ɢ
ɛɨɥɟɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɣ, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ. ɋɜɹ-
ɡɚɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɭɠɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ 2–3 ɦɢɧɭɬɵ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɞɵɯɚɧɢɹ ɞɵɦɚ ɧɢɤɨɬɢɧ
ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɶ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɢ ɧɟɧɚɞɨɥɝɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɚɤɬɢɜ-
ɧɨɫɬɶ. ɉɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɟ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ
ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɢ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ
ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɭɪɢɥɶɳɢɤɨɦ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɜɟ-
ɠɚɸɳɢɣ ɩɪɢɬɨɤ ɫɢɥ ɢɥɢ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ ɭɫɩɨɤɨɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɭɥɶɫɚ, ɪɚɫɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɵɲɰ.
      Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɩɭɫɬɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɩɨɞ-
ɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɱɟɡɚɟɬ. Ɏɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɷɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɦ ɫɭɠɟɧɢɟɦ
ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɢ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɟɝɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɩɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɩɨɞɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ, ɤɭɪɹɳɢɣ ɫɩɭɫɬɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɩɹɬɶ ɬɹɧɟɬɫɹ
ɡɚ ɫɢɝɚɪɟɬɨɣ, ɧɟɜɡɢɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɬɚɜɲɭɸɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɤɭɪɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɟɱɶ ɜɨ ɪɬɭ, ɨɛɢɥɶ-
ɧɨɟ ɫɥɸɧɨɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɣ ɡɚɩɚɯ.
      Ʉɚɠɭɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɨɞɴɟɦ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɭɫɩɨɤɨɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɹɹɫɶ ɜ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ
ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɤɭɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɝɚɪɟɬɵ, ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫ. Ʉɭɪɹɳɢɣ
ɭɛɟɠɞɚɟɬ ɫɟɛɹ, ɱɬɨ ɛɟɡ ɬɚɛɚɤɚ ɨɧ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ, ɠɢɬɶ, ɢ
ɜɫɤɨɪɟ ɨɧ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɦ ɪɚɛɨɦ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɫɬɢ.
      ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɢɤɨɬɢɧɨɜɚɹ ɚɛɫɬɢɧɟɧɰɢɹ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɹɜɧɵɟ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜ-
ɧɵɟ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɞɵɦɟ ɬɚɛɚɤɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɛɨ-
ɥɟɟ 30 ɹɞɨɜɢɬɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ: ɧɢɤɨɬɢɧ, ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɵɣ ɝɚɡ, ɨɤɢɫɶ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɫɢ-
ɧɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ, ɚɦɦɢɚɤ, ɫɦɨɥɢɫɬɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɟ. Ɉɞɧɚ-ɞɜɟ ɩɚɱɤɢ ɫɢɝɚɪɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɫɦɟɪɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɞɨɡɭ ɧɢɤɨɬɢɧɚ.
Ʉɭɪɢɥɶɳɢɤɚ ɫɩɚɫɚɟɬ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɚ ɞɨɡɚ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɧɟ ɫɪɚɡɭ, ɚ ɞɪɨɛ-
ɧɨ. ɋɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ, ɱɬɨ ɤɭɪɹɳɢɟ ɜ 13 ɪɚɡ ɱɚɳɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚ-
ɸɬ ɫɬɟɧɨɤɚɪɞɢɟɣ, ɜ 12 ɪɚɡ – ɢɧɮɚɪɤɬɨɦ ɦɢɨɤɚɪɞɚ, ɜ 10 ɪɚɡ – ɹɡɜɨɣ ɠɟɥɭɞ-
ɤɚ. ɇɢɤɨɬɢɧ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢ ɧɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ
ɧɚ ɧɚɞɩɨɱɟɱɧɢɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ ɝɨɪɦɨɧ – ɚɞɪɟɧɚ-
ɥɢɧ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɫɩɚɡɦ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ

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