Computer in Use. Маркушевская Л.П - 42 стр.

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Университет ИТМО | Санкт-Петербург

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42
protocols which performed a number of particular tasks. This scheme was
successfully tested (only one of the 15 sites involved failed to establish a connection).
During the 1970s the ARPANET was constantly evolving in size and stability,
and was a subject of a number of seminal developments, among which the most
noteworthy was electronic mail and the establishment of a transatlantic connection. In
addition, work was undertaken to improve the basic communication protocols and
modernize them according to the constant growth of the ARPANET.
The military use of the Internet did not have any direct impact on the civilian
use of the research network as such, but highlights the fact that the Internet of today
was conceived as a military communications tool.
The following years witnessed the birth of the Usenet. Developed by university
students Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis, the Usenet turned out to be the ultimate
exponent for the physical anarchy of the ARPANET (no central command control, all
connected computers being completely equal in their ability to transmit and receive
packets). Truscott and Ellis created a hierarchy of computer users groups which were
distributed between a growing number of academic institutions via modems and
phone lines. This hierarchy soon turned out to accommodate a wide number of
interests, from computer programming to car maintenance, and enabled the
participants to read and post information and opinions in what became known as the
Usenet Newsgroups. Newsgroups may be determined as discussion groups. Each of
these groups is devoted to a particular topic.
At first the Usenet was a practically unofficial activity involving a number of
graduate students, but soon it proved to be the network service which heavily
contributed to the international growth of the internetworking principle. The Usenet
connections were established between several European countries and Australia.
The creation of the ARPANET was followed by the creation of the NSFNET.
This fact signalled that universities had begun to consider networking as an essential
tool for researches. A high-speed network connection, referred to as the "backbone",
was established between the five super-computing centers and they in turn made their
facilities available to universities in their region, effectively making the network
completely decentralized.
Notes:
fledgling - (здесь) недавно созданный
inferiority - более низкое положение, достоинство, качество, количество
make available to - предоставить (кому-либо)
to have an impact (up)on - иметь влияние на
ultimate exponent - типичный образец
COMPREHENSION CHECK
Exercise 1. Answer the questions.
1. Was the ARPANET experiment a complete novelty for computer science?
2. Did the scheme with the underlying protocol fail or was it successful?
3. What was the occupation of the Usenet founders?

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