English for Masters in Economics. Маркушевская Л.П - 57 стр.

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Университет ИТМО | Санкт-Петербург

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156
Task 2. Explain the following terms in your own words.
- Salesmanager
- Salesenvironment
- Mediumbusiness
- Tomanagethetime
- Hitlist
Task 3. Entitle the paragraphs 11-15.
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• Traditional Small Scale Bribery – involves the payment of small sums
of money, typically to a foreign ofcial in exchange for him/her violating
some ofcial duty or responsibility or to speed routine government actions.
• Gifts / Favours / Entertainment – includes a range of items such as:
lavish physical gifts, opportunities for personal travel at the company’s ex-
pense, gifts received after the completion of transaction and other extrava-
gant expensive entertainment.
• Pricing – includes unfair differential pricing, questionable invoicing –
where the buyer requests a written invoice showing a price other than the
actual price paid, pricing to force out local competition, dumping products at
prices well below that in the home country, pricing practices that are illegal
in the home country but legal in host country.
• Products / Technology – includes products and technology that are
banned for use in the home country but permitted in the host country and/or
appear unsuitable or inappropriate for use by the people of the host country.
• Tax Evasion Practices – used specically to evade tax such as transfer
pricing (i.e., where prices paid between afliates and/ or parent company
adjusted to affect prot allocation) including the use of tax havens, where
any prot made is in low tax jurisdiction, adjusted interest payments on in-
tra-rm loans, questionable management and service fees charged between
afliates and/ or the parent company.
• Illegal / Immoral Activities in the Host Country – practices such as:
polluting the environment, maintaining unsafe working conditions; prod-
uct/technology copying where protection of patents, trademarks or copy-
rights has not been enforced and short weighting overseas shipments so as to
charge a country a phantom weight.
• Cultural Differences – between cultures involving potential misun-
derstandings related to the traditional requirements of the exchange process
may be regarded by one culture as bribes but be acceptable business prac-
tices in another culture. These practices include: gifts, monetary payments,
favours, entertainment and political contributions.
• Involvement in Political Affairs- related to the combination of mar-
keting activities and politics including the following: the exertion of political
inuence by multinationals, engaging in marketing activities when either
home or host countries are at war and illegal technology transfers (Arm-
strong, Ibid).

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