English for Masters in Economics. Маркушевская Л.П - 86 стр.

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Университет ИТМО | Санкт-Петербург

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Task 3. Translate the following text about credit cards into English
in written form.
Cовременое платежное средство, которое недавно вошло и в обиход
россиян, придумали в начале века в Америке. Именно там, как извест-
но, любят покупать в кредит. Первые карточки – тогда бумажные ста-
ли выдавать покупателям крупные магазины в 1914 году. Со временем
к ним прибавились владельцы ресторанов, создавшие для клиентов с
безупречной репутацией карту «Diners Club».*
В 1951 году собственные кредитные карты стали выпускать банки. В
60-х движение приобрело настоящий размах и воплотилось в несколько
крупных кредитных систем: Visa, Master Card, American Express.
Теперь кредитные пластиковые карты почти заменили наличные
деньги. По ним можно расплачиваться в большинстве магазинов, оте-
лей, расторанов и даже в такси. Но если уж понадобятся наличные, то
найти банкомат не проблема. Банкоматы установлены прямо на улице.
* Diners Club is a charge card company formed in 1950 by Frank X. McNamara, Ralph Sch-
neider and Matty Simmons
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Understanding the roles of individual stakeholders and managing stake-
holder involvement is crucial for success. Stakeholders should, as far as is ap-
propriate, be made aware of risks to a project or programme. Within the con-
text and stakeholder involvement, «appropriate» concerns: the identity and
role of the stakeholder, the level of inuence that the stakeholder has over and
outside of the organization, the level of investment that the stakeholder has in
the organization, and the type, probability and potential impact of the risk.
Organisational Objectives
Risks exist only in relation to the activities and objectives of an organiza-
tion. Rain is a negative risk for a picnic, a positive risk for drought-ridden
farmland and a non-risk for the occupants of a submarine.
It is imperative that the individual responsible for risk management
(whether that is the business leader, the project / programme manager or a
specialist risk manager) understands the objectives of the organization, in
order to ensure a tailored approach.
M_o_R Approach
The processes, policies, strategies and plans within the M_o_R
framework provide generic guidelines and templates within a particular
organization. These guidelines are based on the experience and research
of professional risk managers from a wide range of organizations and
management backgrounds. Following best practices ensures that indi-
viduals involved in managing the risks associated with an organization’s
activity are able to learn from the mistakes, experiments and lessons of
others.
Reporting
Accurately and clearly representing data, and the transmission of this
data to the appropriate staff members, managers and stakeholders, is crucial
to successful risk management.
Roles and Responsibilities
Fundamental to risk management best practice is the clear denition
of risk management roles and responsibilities. Individual functions and
accountability must be transparent, both within and outside an organiza-

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