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26
3. This was a very handy service, for computer time was precious … the early
'70s.
4. … 1971 there were fifteen nodes in ARPANET; … 1972, thirty-seven nodes.
5. … the second year of operation, however, an odd fact became clear.
6. The number of “host” machines with direct connection to TCP/IP doubled
every year … 1988 … 1997.
7. ARPANET itself remained fairly tightly controlled, at least … 1983, when its
military segment broke off and became MILNET.
Text 7
Exercise 1. Fine synonyms for the following phrasal verbs.
Break off, break up, link up, get on, get into, move out, move in, barge in.
Exercise 2. Make nouns form the following verbs using suffix (-th, -ance, -tion, –
ment, –age) and translate them.
Grow, resemble, predict, develop, operate, improve, direct, communicate,
constellate, achieve, centralize, know, advance.
HOW THE INTERNET BECAME A BIG BOY
Part 2
As early as 1977, TCP/IP was being used by other networks to link to
ARPANET. ARPANET itself remained fairly tightly controlled, at least until 1983,
when its military segment broke off and became MILNET. But TCP/IP linked
everyone to everyone else. And ARPANET itself, though it was growing, became a
smaller and smaller neighbourhood amid the vastly growing constellation of other
linked machines.
As the 70s and 80s advanced, other entire networks fell into the digital embrace of
this ever-growing web of computers. Since TCP/IP was public domain, and the basic
technology was decentralised and rather anarchic by its very nature, it was difficult to
stop people from barging in and linking up. In fact, nobody really wanted to stop them
from joining this branching complex of networks, which came to be known as “the
Internet”.
In 1984 the National Science Foundation got into the act. The new NSFNET
set a blistering pace for technical advancement, linking newer, faster, shinier
supercomputers, through thicker faster links, upgraded and expanded, again and
again, in 1986, 1988 and 1990. And other government agencies leapt in: NASA, the
National Institutes of Health, the Department of Energy, each of them maintaining
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