English for Masters. Маркушевская Л.П - 67 стр.

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Университет ИТМО | Санкт-Петербург

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67
The first kind is a general summary. They give some general characteristics of the
original document. These summaries are written to a wide circle of readers. The
second one is a specialized summary. They show some special aspects of the original.
They are written to specialists in a variety of sciences. Summaries usually have a
clearly arranged structure and they are written in a logical, chronological and
traceable manner. In contrast to a résumé or a review, a summary contains neither
interpretation nor rating. Only the opinion of the original writer is reflected –
paraphrased with new words without quotations from the text. Unlike a retelling, a
summary has no dramatic structure and is written in present tense or historic present.
Because summaries should be significantly shorter than the original, minor facts have
to be left out. However all major conclusions should remain. In summaries only
indirect speech is used and depictions are avoided. Summaries of books or
dissertations present the major facts in common scientific language and should be
about from a half up to one page long.
A person has to do the following things to write s summary:
- To read the text attentively;
- To formulate the main statement;
- To reread the text and underline important ideas and arguments according
to the main statement;
- To introduce the author and title of the work in the opening sentence;
- To mention the important facts in chronological order.
If a person is going to write a summary he has to know some requirements
concerning writing them:
1) The volume of a summary is from 500 to 2000 symbols;
2) A logical structure should be kept.
It is also necessary to take the language peculiarities into consideration:
- To give the main ideas and facts of the original simply and in brief;
- To avoid repetitions;
- Not to repeat the title of the original;
- To use the same terms as in the original;
- To use the accepted abbreviations and shortenings;
- To avoid using adjectives, adverbs, introductive words a lot;
- To use word combinations helping to organize structure of summaries;
- To use key-patterns.
Each summary has a certain structure. It consists of several parts:
1. The introduction. It is the stage where a reader faces the problem.
2. The body. It expresses the main facts and problems of the original document.
3. The ending. It gives recommendations for a definite group of readers.
Usually a person begins to write a summary from the compression of information
stated in the original. It’s a difficult process which consists of three main steps:
1) It’s necessary to express the main facts using the minimum of the original paper.

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