Английский язык. Мехеда О.Б. - 17 стр.

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sociology, was at the top. He called it the "queen" and its practitioners "scientist-
priests". This Trench theorist did not simply gave sociology its name; he also
presented a challenge to the newly-born discipline.
The second founder of sociology was Herbert Spencer (1820-1903). Writing
from the vantage point of relatively prosperous Victorian England, Spencer did
not feel forced to correct or improve society. Instead, he hoped to better describe
society. Spencer was familiar with Comte's work but seemed more influenced by
Charles Darwin's study "The Origin of Species". Based on Darwin's theory,
Spencer used the concept of evolution of animals to explain how societies change
over time. Similarly, he adapted Darwin's evolutionary view of the "survival of
the fittest" by arguing that it is "natural" that some people are rich while others
are poor.
Spencer's approach to social change was extremely popular in his own
lifetime. Indeed, he dominated scholarly thinking more than Comte did. Unlike
Comte, Spencer suggested that societies are bound to change; therefore, one need
not be highly critical of present social changes or work actively for social change.
This viewpoint appealed to many influential persons in Great Britain and the
United Stated who had a vested interest in the status quo and did not trust social
thinkers who publicly supported change. It should be emphasized that despite
their obvious differences Auguste Comte and Herbert Spencer agreed that social
behaviour can be and should be studied systematically.
Notes to the text:
Auguste Comte [:'gju:st 'k:nt]
an unsettling time – неспокойное время
from the vantage point of relatively prosperous Victorian England – с выгодных
позиций
весьма процветающей викторианской Англии
"survival of the fittest" – "выживание самых приспособленных"
a vested interest – кровная заинтересованность
status quo – положение, существующее (или существовавшее) в
определенный момент.
2. Transcribe the following words. Practise their pronunciation.
intellectuals excess
conquer practitioner
species influential
survival discipline
status quo chaos
3. Memorize the following words and expressions:
an intellectual, chaos, to improve, to apply (to), to argue, scholarly thinking, to
be bound (to), viewpoint.
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