Английский язык для аспирантов и соискателей. Минакова Т.В. - 27 стр.

     It is indeed a matter of national prestige – a kind of a state emblem. Surely we
cannot reduce everything to practical gain. Say, what benefit does the country derive
from its great composers? None at first glance. But this is a matter of national pride.
We should likewise we proud of our great scientists. It is important that they continue
to appear here in Russia.
                                                               Moscow News #1, 2004

     Fact box
     Nobel Prizes for Russian Scientists
     Physics: Pavel Cherenkov, Ilya Frank, Igor Tamm (1958, discovery and
interpretation of the Cherenkov effect); Lev Landau (1962, studies of liquid helium);
Nikolai Basov, Alexander Prokhorov (1964, quantum generators/lasers); Pyotr
Kapitsa (1978, physics of superlow temperatures); Jaures Alferov (2000,
semiconductors, optical electronics); Vitaly Ginzburg, Alexei Abrikosov (2003,
superconductivity and superfluidity).
     Chemistry: Nikolai Semenov (1956, chemical “chain” reaction mechanisms).
     Physiology and medicine: Ivan Pavlov (1904, physiology of digestion); Ilya
Mechnikov (1908, immunity).
     Economics: Leonid Kantorovich (1975, mathematical models in economics).

      2.2 Read the text and find the answers to the questions that follow it:

                             How British Science Is Organized
                                                                       John B.S.Haldane
       The British Association for the Advancement of Science was founded in 1831,
and at that time almost every serious scientist in Britain belonged to it. There were so
few of them that most of the year’s work in a given branch of science could be
discussed in a few days. In fact it merited title of “Parliament of Science” which is
still bestowed on it by some newspapers.
       Since then the situation has completely changed. At present there are a number
of societies, for example the Royal Astronomical Society, the Chemical Society, the
Genetical Society, the Geological Society and the Physiological Society which are
composed of scientists only. Finally there is the Royal Society of London for
Improving Natural Knowledge. This has 384 scientific fellows, 49 foreign members,
and 15 British fellows. When it was founded nearly 300 years ago, it included every
scientist in England, and many others, such as Samuel Pepys, who were interested in
science. But now it only includes a small fraction of scientists, and its discussions are
less lively than those of the societies concerned with individual sciences. On the
other hand, the British Association is concerned with matters other than science. It
has sections devoted to psychology, which is still only partially scientific, and to
education and economics, which in this country at any rate are hardly so at all. So it
has fallen away from its former scientific spirit to a certain extent.
       But except for the Royal Society, the scientific societies have not the money to
subsidize research. This is done by universities, the government, industrial firms, and
endowed bodies. There is no organization of research on a national scale. Some of the
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