English Reader. Мишустина В.Д. - 12 стр.

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      The Middle Ages; the same origin; in Italy and Turkey; meaning "small peso";
the royal crowns; took its name from; precious metal content; D-mark; a Roman coin;
The ancient Chinese word.

      Текст
      The currencies of the world's major economies have names and backgrounds
that are as diverse as the countries themselves.
      The dollar, used in many countries including the United States, Canada, and
Australia, gets its name from a silver coin minted during the Middle Ages in a small
valley, or "Thal", in Bohemia called Joachimsthal. Just as a sausage from Frankfurt
came to be called a frankfurter, the coins from Joachimsthal were called
"Joachimsthaler" or simply "Thaler", and came to be called "dollar" in English.
      The pound, used in Britain, Egypt, and Lebanon among others, refers to the
weight used in determining the value of coins, based on precious metals such as gold
or sterling. The penny has the same origin as the word "pawn", found in terms such as
"pawn shop", and originally meant "to pledge". A penny, like any currency, is a
"pledge" of value.
      In Italy and Turkey, the currency is called "lira". The word is based on the Latin
"libra", meaning "pound", and once again refers to the weight of the original coins.
      In Spanish, the word meaning "weight", peso, is used to describe the coins that
were based on a certain weight of gold or silver. Originally, there were gold coins
called "peso de oro" and silver ones called "peso de plata". In Spain, the currency is
called "peseta", meaning "small peso". The word "peso" is used to describe the
currency in many Spanish-speaking countries in Latin America.
      In Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, the word for "crown"-"krone" in Denmark
and Norway, "krona" in Sweden - is used to describe the currency that was originally
minted by the king and queen, with royal crowns stamped on the earlier coins. Today,
the crown has been replaced by other symbols, but the name remains.
      The franc, used in France, Switzerland, Belgium, and other countries and
territories, is based on the early coins used in France that bore the Latin inscription
"franconium rex", meaning "king of the Franks". The coin, as well as the country,
took its name from one of the original tribes that settled in the area, the Franks.
      The German mark and Finnish markka derive their names from the small marks
that were cut into coins to indicate their precious metal content. The German mark,
"deutsche mark" in German, is often called by its shortened name, D-mark.
      The "riyal", in Saudi Arabia and the "rial" in Iran, are based on the Spanish word
"real"-which, in turn, was derived from the Latin "regal(is)"-referring
to earlier "royal" coins. The "dinar", used in Iraq and Kuwait among others, derives
its name from "denarius", a Roman coin, an item of considerable value in days of old.
In India, Pakistan, and other countries of the subcontinent, the currency is called
"rupee" (in Indonesia, "rupiah"), based on the Sanskrit word "rupya", meaning
"coined silver".
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