Технологические процессы в машиностроении. Никитенко В.М - 14 стр.

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27
ɱɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɧɢɡɨɬɪɨɩɢɟɣ. ȼɫɟ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɵ ɚɧɢɡɨɬɪɨɩɧɵ. ɉɨɦɢɦɨ
ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɥ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɚɦɨɪɮɧɵɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɚɬɨɦɵ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɸɬ ɦɚ-
ɥɵɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɯɚɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ, ɬ.
ɟ. ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɭ. ȼ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɬɟɥɚɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɬ. ɟ. ɨɧɢ ɢɡɨɬɪɨɩɧɵ.
ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɚɧɢɡɨɬɪɨɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɧɨ-
ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɚ ɦɟɞɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜ-
ɥɟɧɢɟ ı
ɜ
ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ 120...360 Ɇɉɚ, ɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɞɥɢɧɟ-
ɧɢɟ ı —10...55 %.
Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɢɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɫɨ-
ɫɬɨɹɳɢɦɢ ɢɡ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ (10... 10~
5
ɫɦ) ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɬ-
ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɢ ɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɭɫɪɟɞ-
ɧɹɸɬɫɹ. ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɢɡɨɬɪɨɩɧɵ.
Ⱦɟɮɟɤɬɵ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ
ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ, ɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɣ
ɚɬɨɦɧɨ-ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ. ɂɯ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɞɟ-
ɮɟɤɬɵ, ɬ. ɟ. ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ.
Ⱦɟɮɟɤɬɵ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ
ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɬɨɱɟɱɧɵɟ (ɧɭɥɶɦɟɪɧɵɟ), ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɟ (ɨɞɧɨɦɟɪɧɵɟ), ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨ-
ɫɬɧɵɟ (ɞɜɭɯɦɟɪɧɵɟ) ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɟ (ɬɪɟɯɦɟɪɧɵɟ).
Ɍɨɱɟɱɧɵɦɢ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɪɢ-
ɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ, ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɬɪɟɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɤɨ-
ɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɚɦ ɫɨɢɡɦɟɪɢɦɵ ɫ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ ɚɬɨɦɚ. Ʉ ɬɨɱɟɱɧɵɦ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ :
– ɦɟɠɞɨɭɡɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɞɢɫɥɨɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɚɬɨɦɵ, ɜɵɲɟɞɲɢɟ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ
ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɭɡɥɚɦɢ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ;
– ɜɚɤɚɧɫɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɭɫɬɵɟ ɭɡɥɵ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ;
– ɩɪɢɦɟɫɧɵɟ ɚɬɨɦɵ ( ɪɢɫ.2 ɚ).
Ɋɢɫ.2. Ⱦɟɮɟɤɬɵ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ:
ɚ — ɬɨɱɟɱɧɵɟ (1 — ɞɢɫɥɨɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɚɬɨɦ; 2 — ɜɚɤɚɧɫɢɹ; 3 — ɩɪɢɦɟɫɧɵɣ
ɚɬɨɦ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ); ɛ — ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɟ (IJ — ɜɟɤɬɨɪ ɫɞɜɢɝɚ); ɜ — ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ
( Į—ɭɝɨɥ ɪɚɡɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɫɭɛɡɟɪɟɧ)
28
Ʌɢɧɟɣɧɵɟ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɵ, ɢɥɢ ɞɢɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɢ – ɷɬɨ ɥɢɧɢɢ, ɜɞɨɥɶ ɢ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɤɨɬɨ-
ɪɵɯ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɚɬɨɦɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɟɣ
ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɚ. Ɍɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɤɪɚɟɜɵɟ (ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɟ) ɞɢɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬ-
ɜɢɟ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɟ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɚɬɨɦɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɷɤɫɬɪɚɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɶɸ (ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɶ ABED ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2 ɛ) . Ʌɢɧɢɹ ȺD, ɬ. ɟ. ɤɪɚɣ ɷɤɫɬɪɚ-
ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ, ɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɤɪɚɟɜɨɣ ɞɢɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɟɣ. Ⱦɥɢɧɚ ɞɢɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɬɶ
ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɚ, ɜ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɦ ɠɟ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɚ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɢ
ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɦɟɠɚɬɨɦɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ.
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɢɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɣ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɤɪɢ-
ɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɢɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ, ɨɤɚ-
ɡɵɜɚɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ.
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɢ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɢɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɟ –
ɫɞɜɢɝ (ɪɢɫ 2 ɛ) . ȿɫɥɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɚ ɫɞɜɢɧɭɬɶ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ
ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨ ɦɟɠɚɬɨɦɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɢ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɞɜɢɝ ɨɯɜɚ-
ɬɢɥ ɧɟ ɜɫɸ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɶ ɫɤɨɥɶɠɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɶ ȺDCF, ɬɨ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ȺD ɦɟɠ-
ɞɭ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɦ, ɝɞɟ ɫɤɨɥɶɠɟɧɢɟ ɭɠɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ, ɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɦ ɜ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ ɫɤɨɥɶɠɟ-
ɧɢɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɤɨɥɶɠɟɧɢɟ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ, ɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɣ ɞɢɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɟɣ.
ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɵ (ɪɢɫ 2 ɜ) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ
ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ (ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ) ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɡɟɪɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɫɭɛɡɟɪɧɚɦɢ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɟ. Ɂɟɪɧɚ ɪɚɡɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ, ɩɨɜɟɪɧɭɬɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ
ɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɝɪɚɞɭɫɨɜ. ɉɨ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɦ ɡɟɪɟɧ ɫɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɢɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɜɚɤɚɧ-
ɫɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɟɬ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ. Ʉ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɦ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɞɜɨɣɧɢɤɢ (ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨ-
ɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ) ɢ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɵ ɭɩɚɤɨɜɤɢ (ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨ ɭɩɚɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɟ).
Ɉɛɴɟɦɧɵɟ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɨɪɵ, ɦɚɤɪɨɬɪɟɳɢɧɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ
ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɧɟɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ. Ʉɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɚ
ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɟɪɟɣɬɢ ɤ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɛɨ-
ɥɟɟ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɸ, ɫ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɟɣ F. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 3 ɩɨɤɚ-
ɡɚɧɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɣ ɮɚɡ ɨɬ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɇɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɟɣ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɜ
ɠɢɞɤɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɜɵɲɟ, ɚ ɜ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɦ – ɧɢɠɟ ɬɟɨɪɟ-
ɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɬɨɱɤɚ Ɍ
s
). ȼ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ
ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɚɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ T
s
, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ (F
ɠ
= F
Ɍ
).Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɫɹ, ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɯɥɚɞɢɬɶ ɧɢɠɟ
ɬɨɱɤɢ Ɍ
S
. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚ-
ɰɢɢ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ (T
ɤɪ
). Ɋɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ Ɍ
S
ɢ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ Ɍ
ɤɪ
, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨ-
ɪɨɣ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ

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