Технологические процессы в машиностроении. Никитенко В.М - 27 стр.

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Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ,
ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ
ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ.
Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɨɩɟɪɚ-
ɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɟɦ, ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɞɪ. ɢ ɤɚɤ ɨɤɨɧɱɚ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɭɪɨ-
ɜɟɧɶ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ.
ȼɢɞɵ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɬɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɚ
ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ:
– ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟɦ-
ɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ;
– ɯɢɦɢɤɨ-ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
ɫ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɦɟ-
ɬɚɥɥɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ;
– ɬɟɪɦɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬ-
ɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ:
– ɨɬɠɢɝ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ – ɧɚɝɪɟɜ, ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɫ
ɰɟɥɶɸ ɫɧɹɬɢɹ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɢɫɤɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ
ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ;
– ɨɬɠɢɝ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ – ɧɚɝɪɟɜ ɜɵɲɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɮɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ, ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɮɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɫɬɚɥɢ;
– ɡɚɤɚɥɤɚ – ɧɚɝɪɟɜ ɜɵɲɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɮɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ
ɛɵɫɬɪɵɦ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ;
– ɨɬɩɭɫɤ – ɧɚɝɪɟɜ ɡɚɤɚɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɧɢɠɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɮɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ
ɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɧɹɬɢɹ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɨɬɩɭɫɤ
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɟɣ, ɨɧ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɟɦ.
Ɉɬɠɢɝ ɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ. Ɉɬɠɢɝ – ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ
ɫɬɚɥɶ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɜɵɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɣ ɢ ɡɚ-
ɬɟɦ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɱɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɨɣ, ɦɟɧɟɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɣ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɨɬ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ.
Ʉ ɨɬɠɢɝɭ I ɪɨɞɚ, ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɫ ɮɚɡɨɜɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɦ ɫɨ-
ɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ:
– ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɨɬɠɢɝ (ɢɥɢ ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ) – ɧɚɝɪɟɜ ɞɨ 1000 – 1100 °ɋɞɥɹ
ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ. Ƚɨɦɨɝɟɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬ ɫɥɢɬɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ
ɫɬɚɥɟɣ. ɉɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨ-
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɩɨɥɧɨɦ ɨɬɠɢɝɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ;
– ɪɟɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɨɬɠɢɝ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɧɹɬɢɹ ɧɚɤɥɟɩɚ
ɩɨɫɥɟ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ
ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ 650–700°ɋ;
54
– ɨɬɠɢɝ ɞɥɹ ɫɧɹɬɢɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ
ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɟ ɩɪɢ ɥɢɬɶɟ, ɫɜɚɪɤɟ, ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɟɦ
ɢɬ. ɞ. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɨɬɠɢɝɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ 200–700°ɋ, ɱɚɳɟ 350–600°ɋ.
Ɉɬɠɢɝ II ɪɨɞɚ (ɢɥɢ ɮɚɡɨɜɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ) ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɧɵɦ ɢ
ɧɟɩɨɥɧɵɦ;
– ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɨɬɠɢɝ – ɧɚɝɪɟɜ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɧɚ 30 – 50° ɜɵɲɟ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ
(ɥɢɧɢɹ ɋ.S) ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɬɠɢɝɟ ɩɪɨɢɫ-
ɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨɥɧɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ: ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ ɮɟɪɪɢɬɨ-ɩɟɪɥɢɬɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭ-
ɪɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɧɭɸ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɬ-
ɧɨ ɜ ɮɟɪɪɢɬ ɢ ɩɟɪɥɢɬ. ɉɨɥɧɨɦɭ ɨɬɠɢɝɭ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɢ, ɩɨɤɨɜɤɢ, ɩɪɨɤɚɬ
ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɢɹ ɡɟɪɧɚ, ɫɧɹɬɢɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɬɫɹ
ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ.
– ɧɟɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɨɬɠɢɝ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɬɚɥɶ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɸɬ ɞɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ (ɧɚ 30 – 50° ɜɵɲɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɟɪɥɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ).
ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɞɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɟɪɥɢɬɧɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ.
ɗɬɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɚɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ, ɱɟɦ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɨɬɠɢɝ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɝɪɟɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨ-
ɞɢɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ. ɉɪɢ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɦ ɨɬɠɢɝɟ ɭɥɭɱɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɚ-
ɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱ-
ɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ.
– ɢɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɬɠɢɝ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɟ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ
ɧɚ 30 – 50° ɜɵɲɟ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ, ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɞɨ 600 – 700°ɋ, ɜɵ-
ɞɟɪɠɤɟ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɞɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɥɢɬ ɢ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ. ɉɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɨɬɠɢɝɟ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɭɥɭɱɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɟɦ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɥɟɝɢɪɨ-
ɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ.
ɇɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ – ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɠɢɝɚ; ɩɪɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨ-
ɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɩɨɤɨɣɧɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ. ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ
ɩɪɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɦ ɨɬɠɢɝɟ, ɱɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɨɬɨɠɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ
ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ.
Ɂɚɤɚɥɤɚ – ɷɬɨ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ ɫɬɚ-
ɥɢ ɞɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ, ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɮɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ, ɜɵɞɟɪɠ-
ɤɟ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɫɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ, ɩɪɟɜɵ-
ɲɚɸɳɟɣ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ
ɡɚɤɚɥɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɢ, ɭɩɪɨɱɧɟɧɢɟ. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɢ
ɥɟɠɢɬ ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɧɨ-ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ.
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɩɨɞ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɭ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ
ɞɥɹ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɯ. Ⱦɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɜ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɹɯ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɬ
ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɟɟ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɚ. ɇɚɝɪɟɜ ɥɟ-
ɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɞɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɵɞɟɪɠ-
ɤɚ ɧɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɡɟɪɧɚ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɥɟɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɫɧɢɠɚɸɬ
ɫɤɥɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɡɟɪɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɥɟ-
ɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬɚ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɟ ɫɬɪɟɦɹɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ
ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ. Ɇɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚɹ

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