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• If you decide that one of the types of observation/ secondary data/ sampling/ interviews/ questionnaires is more
appropriate, what practical problems do you foresee? How might you overcome them? What threats to validity and reli-
ability are you likely to encounter? How might you overcome these?
• Decide whether the data you are collecting could usefully be analysed quantitatively or qualitatively.
• If you decide that your data should be analysed quantitatively you must ensure that the data collection methods
you intend to use have been designed to make analysis by computer as straightforward as possible.
• Once your data have been entered into a computer, you need to explore and present them. You should select
the most appropriate diagrams and tables after considering the suitability of all possible techniques.
• Once you are familiar with your data, describe and explore relationships using those statistical techniques that
best help you to answer research questions and are suitable for the data type.
• If you are collecting qualitative data, decide which of the analytical strategies are more appropriate to your re-
search project.
• Where your research project is based on deductive strategy, develop a set of categories from your research
question(s) and objectives, conceptual framework, research themes and initial propositions. Produce description of each
of these categories.
• Using one of the transcript copies of interviews try to allocate units of data to appropriate categories by writing
their code labels alongside the text in the left-hand margin. Again evaluate this set of categories and modify any that
appear to be inappropriate.
• Where your research project is based on inductive strategy, work through one of the transcript copies and seek
to identify categories related to your research purpose. Write appropriate code labels for these categories alongside the
text in the left-hand margin. List these categories and their labels and produce a description for each of the categories
that have been devised.
• Once you have allocated units of data to the set of categories in use cut these out and transfer them to an ap-
propriately labeled index card. Read through the units of data within each category.
SELF-CHECK QUESTIONS
1. What are widely accepted data collecting techniques?
2. What are the benefits of sampling techniques?
3. What does the term “population” mean in sampling context?
3. What are two types of sampling techniques and what do they differ in?
4. What does the choice of sampling techniques depend on?
5. What do we call the technique which involves watching, recording, description, analysis and interpretation of
people’s behaviour?
6. What is the difference between participant and structured observation?
7. What do we call the data that have already been collected for some other purpose, processed and subsequently
stored?
8. What do written and non-written documentary secondary data include?
9. What types are interviews classified into according to the level of formality and structure?
10. What kind of interview would you use if you need to explore in depth a general area in which you are inter-
ested.?
11. What are other names for a non-directive interview?
12. What is a questionnaire?
13. What are two types of questionnaires according to the way they are administered ?
14. What types of questions are used in designing a questionnaire?
15. Why should all data be recorded using numerical codes?
16. What is the choice of table or diagram influenced by?
17. What types of diagrams are used to show specific values/ highest and lowest values/ trends/ proportions/ dis-
tribution relationships between variables?
18. What statistical methods are employed to describe the central tendency/ dispersion/ to predict values?
19. What does the process of qualitative analysis generally involve?
