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Íàåì ðàáî÷åé ñèëû .......................... 47
Îïëàòà òðóäà è ñîâðåìåííàÿ
ïðàêòèêà ìîòèâàöèè òðóäà .............. 48
Âûâîäû ............................................. 49
4. ÄÎÕÎÄÛ È ÏÎËÈÒÈÊÀ
ÄÎÕÎÄÎÂ
4.1. Äîõîäû è èõ âèäû............... 51
Ïîíÿòèå äîõîäà â òåîðèè
ôàêòîðîâ ........................................... 51
Íîìèíàëüíûå è ðåàëüíûå äîõîäû .. 51
Ðåíòà ................................................. 52
Ïðîöåíò ............................................ 52
Ïðåäïðèíèìàòåëüñêèé äîõîä
(ïðèáûëü).......................................... 53
4.2. Äîõîäû îò íåôîðìàëü-
íîé (òåíåâîé) ýêîíîìèêè......... 53
Ôîðìû òåíåâîé ýêîíîìèêè............. 53
Äîõîäû îò òåíåâîé ýêîíîìèêè........ 54
Îöåíêà ìàñøòàáîâ òåíåâîé
ýêîíîìèêè ........................................ 55
4.3. Ãîñóäàðñòâåííàÿ
ïîëèòèêà äîõîäîâ....................... 55
Ðåãóëèðîâàíèå äîõîäîâ .................... 56
Ñîöèàëüíîå ïàðòíåðñòâî ................. 57
4.4. Ïîëèòèêà äîõîäîâ â
óñëîâèÿõ èíôëÿöèè ................... 58
Èíäåêñû ðîçíè÷íûõ öåí ................. 58
Èíäåêñàöèÿ äîõîäîâ ........................ 59
Ïîääåðæêà áåäíåéøèõ ñëîåâ
íàñåëåíèÿ.......................................... 61
4.5. Ïðîáëåìà äèôôåðåí-
öèàöèè äîõîäîâ........................... 62
Äèôôåðåíöèàöèÿ çàðàáîòíîé
ïëàòû................................................. 62
Çàâûøåíà èëè çàíèæåíà
çàðàáîòíàÿ ïëàòà â Ðîññèè?............. 64
4.6. Ñîâðåìåííûå ôîðìû
îïëàòû òðóäà................................ 65
Èçìåíåíèÿ â êîíêðåòíûõ ôîðìàõ
îïëàòû òðóäà..................................... 65
Âîçäåéñòâèå ïîëèòèêè äîõîäîâ íà
ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèå ôèðìû ............. 66
Âûâîäû ............................................. 66
5. ÈÍÂÅÑÒÈÖÈÈ
5.1. Îñíîâíîé è îáîðîòíûé
êàïèòàë ......................................... 67
Àíàëèç îñíîâíîãî è îáîðîòíîãî
êàïèòàëà ............................................67
5.2. Ñóùíîñòü è àíàëèç
èíâåñòèöèé...................................70
Ïîíÿòèå èíâåñòèöèé
(êàïèòàëîâëîæåíèé) .........................70
5.3. Ïðîåêòíûé àíàëèç êàê
êîíöåïöèÿ ....................................71
Ñóùíîñòü ïðîåêòíîãî àíàëèçà.
Ïðîåêòíûé öèêë...............................71
Íàïðàâëåíèÿ ïðîåêòíîãî àíàëèçà ...72
Òåíåâûå öåíû â ýêîíîìè÷åñêîì
àíàëèçå ..............................................73
5.4. Ñîâîêóïíûé ñïðîñ ..............74
Êðèâàÿ ñîâîêóïíîãî ñïðîñà .............74
5.5 Èíâåñòèöèè ...........................77
Îæèäàåìàÿ íîðìà ÷èñòîé
ïðèáûëè.............................................77
Ðåàëüíàÿ ñòàâêà ïðîöåíòà ................77
Ñäâèãè â ñïðîñå íà èíâåñòèöèè ......80
Èíâåñòèöèè è äîõîä .........................82
Íåñòàáèëüíîñòü èíâåñòèöèé ............84
Âûâîäû ..............................................86
6. ÍÀËÎÃÈ È
ÍÀËÎÃÎÎÁËÎÆÅÍÈÅ
6.1. Ïîíÿòèå è ñèñòåìà
íàëîãîâ ......................................... 88
Ñóùíîñòü íàëîãà è íàëîãîâîé
ñèñòåìû .............................................88
Âèäû è ãðóïïû íàëîãîâ....................88
Îñíîâíûå íàëîãè..............................88
Ìåñòíûå è öåíòðàëüíûå íàëîãè ......90
Íàëîãîâîå áðåìÿ...............................91
Ñòðóêòóðà íàëîãîîáëîæåíèÿ ............92
6.2. Ïðèíöèïû è ìåõàíèçì
íàëîãîîáëîæåíèÿ ........................93
Ïðèíöèïû íàëîãîîáëîæåíèÿ...........93
Íàëîãîâàÿ áàçà. Íàëîãîâûå
ëüãîòû ................................................94
Íàëîãîâàÿ ñòàâêà è åå âèäû .............95
Ïðîáëåìû ñáîðà íàëîãîâ..................95
6.3. Ôóíêöèè íàëîãîâ ................96
Ñîöèàëüíàÿ ôóíêöèÿ íàëîãîâ..........96
Íàëîãè êàê ñðåäñòâî
ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî ðåãóëèðîâàíèÿ .....97
Ìåæäóíàðîäíûå àñïåêòû
íàëîãîîáëîæåíèÿ ..............................99
Äâîéíîå íàëîãîîáëîæåíèå.............100
