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21
Federal and State Court Systems of the USA
Court Systems illustrates the two separate court systems in the
United States – federal and state. Federal courts hear criminal and civil
cases involving federal law. They also hear cases involving parties from
different states when the amount in dispute is more than $10,000. Fed-
eral trial courts are known as U.S. District Courts. If you lose a trial in
the U.S. District Court, you may be able to appeal to the U.S. Circuit
Court of Appeals in your region. The United States has thirteen circuit
courts. The court of final appeal is the U.S. Supreme Court.
Most state court systems resemble the federal courts in structure
and procedure. All states have trial courts. These are called superior
courts, county courts, district courts, or municipal courts, depending on
the state. State courts are often specialized to deal with specific areas of
law, such as family law, traffic, criminal, probate, and small claims.
Family or domestic relations courts hear all actions involving di-
vorce, separation, and child custody. Juvenile cases and intra-family
offenses (fights within families) are also heard. Sometimes cases in-
volving juveniles are heard in a special juvenile court. Traffic courts
hear all actions involving violations while driving a motor vehicle.
Criminal courts hear all cases involving violations of laws for which a
person could go to jail. Frequently criminal court is divided between
felony and misdemeanor cases. Probate courts handle all cases involv-
ing wills and claims against the estates of persons who the with or with-
out a will. Small claims courts hear cases involving small amounts of
money (e.g., $200, $500, or $1,000, depending on the state). Individuals
may bring cases here without lawyers – though it is sometimes advised
that lawyers be present – and the court fees are low.
If you lose your case in the trial court, you may appeal to an in-
termediate court of appeals. In some states, the appeal goes directly to
the state supreme court. If a state supreme court decision involves only
state law, it can be appealed no further. But if it involves some federal
law or constitutional issue, it can then be appealed to the U.S. Supreme
Court.
22
Federal and State Court Systems
Appeals
Appeals
Appeals
Federal Cases
Local Cases
Russian Courts and Their Functions
In all legal systems there are institutions for creating, modifying,
abolishing and applying the law. Usually these take the form of hierar-
chy of courts. The role of each court and its capacity to make decisions
is strictly defined in relation to other courts. There are two main reasons
for variety of courts. One is that a particular court can specialize in par-
ticular kinds of legal actions. The other is so that a person who feels his
case was not fairly treated in a lower court can appeal to a higher court
for reassessment. The decisions of a higher court are binding upon
lower courts.
The court is a state body that administers justice on behalf of the
state.
U.S. Supreme Court
State Supreme Court
(Highest State Court)
Intermediate Court of
Appeals
U.S. District Court
(Federal Trials)
Municipal or County Court
(Local Trials)
U.S. Circuit Court of
Appeals
Federal and State Court Systems of the USA Federal and State Court Systems
Court Systems illustrates the two separate court systems in the
United States – federal and state. Federal courts hear criminal and civil U.S. Supreme Court
cases involving federal law. They also hear cases involving parties from
different states when the amount in dispute is more than $10,000. Fed-
eral trial courts are known as U.S. District Courts. If you lose a trial in U.S. Circuit Court of State Supreme Court
the U.S. District Court, you may be able to appeal to the U.S. Circuit Appeals (Highest State Court)
Court of Appeals in your region. The United States has thirteen circuit
courts. The court of final appeal is the U.S. Supreme Court.
Appeals
Most state court systems resemble the federal courts in structure
Appeals
and procedure. All states have trial courts. These are called superior
courts, county courts, district courts, or municipal courts, depending on Intermediate Court of
the state. State courts are often specialized to deal with specific areas of Appeals
law, such as family law, traffic, criminal, probate, and small claims.
Family or domestic relations courts hear all actions involving di- U.S. District Court
vorce, separation, and child custody. Juvenile cases and intra-family (Federal Trials)
Appeals
offenses (fights within families) are also heard. Sometimes cases in-
Federal Cases
volving juveniles are heard in a special juvenile court. Traffic courts
hear all actions involving violations while driving a motor vehicle. Municipal or County Court
Criminal courts hear all cases involving violations of laws for which a (Local Trials)
person could go to jail. Frequently criminal court is divided between
Local Cases
felony and misdemeanor cases. Probate courts handle all cases involv-
ing wills and claims against the estates of persons who the with or with-
out a will. Small claims courts hear cases involving small amounts of
Russian Courts and Their Functions
money (e.g., $200, $500, or $1,000, depending on the state). Individuals
may bring cases here without lawyers – though it is sometimes advised In all legal systems there are institutions for creating, modifying,
that lawyers be present – and the court fees are low. abolishing and applying the law. Usually these take the form of hierar-
If you lose your case in the trial court, you may appeal to an in- chy of courts. The role of each court and its capacity to make decisions
termediate court of appeals. In some states, the appeal goes directly to is strictly defined in relation to other courts. There are two main reasons
the state supreme court. If a state supreme court decision involves only for variety of courts. One is that a particular court can specialize in par-
state law, it can be appealed no further. But if it involves some federal ticular kinds of legal actions. The other is so that a person who feels his
law or constitutional issue, it can then be appealed to the U.S. Supreme case was not fairly treated in a lower court can appeal to a higher court
Court. for reassessment. The decisions of a higher court are binding upon
lower courts.
The court is a state body that administers justice on behalf of the
state.
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