Практикум по английскому языку (по истории Англии Средних веков). Пилипенко В.А - 33 стр.

                       ÒÅÊÑÒ IX / TEXT IX

                PARLIAMENTARY ORIGINS

       The barons who remained in opposition under
Simon de Monford were forced to rely on the other            ïîëîæèòüñÿ íà
classes, and when in 1264 Simon defeated Henry at
Lewes a whole wing of his army was drawn off the
citizens of London. After Lewes the desertions from the
baronial ranks went on, and the movement began as a
result to assume a really popular character. It included     ïðèîáðåòàòü
the town merchants, the lesser landowners, those of the
clergy who were opposed to the growing power of the          äóõîâåíñòâî
Papacy and the students of Oxford drawn mostly from
the middle and lower classes. It was under the
circumstances (the growth of economical and social
significance of these social elements) that de Monford
summoned to his Parliament of 1265 representatives of        ñîçâàë
the burgesses of the towns as well as two knights from       áþðãåðû; ûöàðè
each shire. The feudal period had created a growing
differentiation between the great barons and the lesser
landowners or knights. While the former retained bands
of armed followers and looked to war and politics as
their natural activity, the latter were willing to live on
their estates and made the largest possible income from
them. These knights were early drawn into local
government though the shire courts and in 1254
representative knights of the shire were formally
summoned to the Council. In the reign of Henry’s son         âî âðåìÿ
Edward Parliament assumed permanently the form               ïðàâëåíèÿ
which de Monford had given it. There is no evidence          ñâèäåòåëüñòâî
that at first the knights and burgers took any active part
in the proceedings.They were mainly to agree to the          çàñåäàíèÿ
taxes which the king wanted to draw up . Like the jury,
Parliament was a royal convenience rather than a right
of the subject. Parliament was developed as a tax
collecting apparatus, and, if it became a focus for
opposition, this was quite outside of the crown. In 1295
Edward was seriously involved in wars with France and
Scotland and recently conquered Wales. He therefore
summoned that is known as the «Model Parliament»             îáðàçöîâûé
because it contained all the elements which were to
become recognized as necessary to make a full




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