Механика грунтов. Пьянков С.А - 11 стр.

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21
Ɉɲɢɛɤɢ
H
i
ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɢɫɤɥɸ-
ɱɟɧɵ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɟ ɨɬɫɤɨɤɢ, ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ
XXİ
ii
. Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶ-
ɧɵɟ ɨɲɢɛɤɢ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
1
X
X
X
ii
i
H
G
. ɋɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹ-
ɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɛɨ ɤɚɤ
nn
XX
n
i
n
i
¦¦
11
H
H
, ɥɢɛɨ ɤɚɤ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɢɱɧɵɟ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɜɧɵɟ

1
1
2
¦
n
XX
n
i
V
.
ɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹɯ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ, ɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɟɞɨɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɟ, ɥɢɛɨ ɩɨɥɟɜɵɟ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɢ. ɉɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɹɦɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ, ɧɨ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
2.2. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ
Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ
ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɯ ɫɪɟɞ. Ɋɹɞ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ
ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧ, ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɤɚɤ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɫɪɟ-
ɞɵ, ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɢɡ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ, ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ (ɜɨɞɵ) ɢɝɚɡɚ (ɪɢɫ. 2.2).
Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ. Ɏɢɡɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɢɡ ɨɩɵɬɚ. Ɉɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚ-
ɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɦɢ. ȼɜɟɞɟɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2.2; ȡ
w
, Ȗ
w
– ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɟɫ ɜɨɞɵ; g – ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɨ-
ɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ.
Ɋɢɫ. 2.2. Ɇɨɞɟɥɶ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ: V – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ; V
s
– ɨɛɴɟɦ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ
ɜ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ V; V
n
– ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɨɪ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ V; V
w
– ɨɛɴɟɦ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɩɨɪɚɯ; G – ɦɚɫɫɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ;
G
s
– ɦɚɫɫɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ (ɫɤɟɥɟɬɚ); G
w
– ɦɚɫɫɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɪɚɯ ɜɨɞɵ;
G
w,ɪ
– ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ (ɪɚɫɤɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ);
G
w,L
– ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɢ
ɇ
2
Ɉ
G
w
G
s
22
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɦ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ (ɬɚɛɥ. 2.2,
2.3, 2.4).
ȼ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɯ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ p
w
ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ 1 ɝ/ɫɦ
3
(ɢɥɢ 1 ɬ/ɦ
3
), ɭɞɟɥɶ-
ɧɵɣ ɜɟɫ Ȗ
w
ɪɚɜɧɵɦ 10 ɤɇ/ɦ
3
. ɋɬɪɨɝɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ, ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ
ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟ-
ɥɟɧɢɹ p
w
ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ, ɩɨɤɚ ɟɳɟ
ɧɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɚ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɪɢ ɦɚɥɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɝɪɭɧɬɟ ɩɨɝɪɟɲ-
ɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.2
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ
ɇɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ
ɉɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ
ȡ
ɤɝ/ɦ
ȡ = G/ V
ɍɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɟɫ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ
Ȗ
ɤɇ/ɦ
3
Ȗ = ȡ
к
g
ɉɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ
ȡ
s
ɤɝ/ɦ
ȡ
s
= G
s
/ V
s
ɍɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɟɫ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ
Ȗ
s
ɤɇ/ɦ
3
Ȗ
s
= ȡ
s
·g
ȼɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ
W
ɛɟɡɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɚ
W = (G – G
s
)/ G
s
= G
w
/ G
s
ȼɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɩɥɚ-
ɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ (ɪɚɫɤɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ)
W
P
ɛɟɡɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɚ
W
Ɋ
= G
w,p
/ G
s
ȼɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ
ɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɢ
W
L
ɛɟɡɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɚ
W
L
= G
w,,L
/ G
s
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.3
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ
ɇɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ
ɉɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ
ȡ
d
ɤɝ/ɦ
3
ȡ
d
= G
s
/ V = ȡ / (1+W)
ɍɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɟɫ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ
ɝɪɭɧɬɚ
Ȗ
d
ɤɇ/ɦ
3
Ȗ
d
= ȡ
d
· g = Ȗ / (1+W)
Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ
ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɢ
e
ɛɟɡɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɚ e = V
n
/ V
s
= (ȡ
s
– ȡ
d
) / ȡ
d
= ȡ
s
/ ȡ
d
– 1
ɉɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɶ
n
ɛɟɡɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɚ n = V
n
/ V = (ȡ
s
– ȡ
d
) / ȡ
s
= 1 – ȡ
d
/ ȡ
s
ɉɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ
ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɜɡɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ
ȡ
ɨ
ɜɡɜ
ɤɝ/ɦ
3
ȡ
ɨ
ɜɡɜ
=
e
ws
1
UU
ɍɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɟɫ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ
ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɜɡɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ
J
ɨ
ɜɡɜ
ɤɇ/ɦ
3
J
ɨ
ɜɡɜ
=
e
ws
1
JJ

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