Механика грунтов. Пьянков С.А - 15 стр.

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29
ȼɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɵɟ ɬɟɥɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɟ
ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɬɟɥ (ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ). ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɝɪɭɧɬɵ ɨɬɧɨ-
ɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɦ ɬɟɥɚɦ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɵɯ ɬɟɥ, ɩɪɢɯɨ-
ɞɢɬɫɹ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɩɨɪ ɩɪɢ ɫɠɚɬɢɢ, ɬ. ɟ. ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɤɨɧ
ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɹ (ɡɚɤɨɧ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɢɢ). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜ ɝɪɭɧɬɚɯ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɵɯ ɬɟɥɚɯ, ɩɪɢ ɞɟɣɫɬ-
ɜɢɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɤɨɜɨɟ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ, ɧɨ ɩɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɡɚɤɨ-
ɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ⱦɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɵɯ ɬɟɥ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɤɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭ-
ɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɦ ɫɞɜɢɝɚ ɩɪɢ ɭɩɪɭɝɢɯ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɯ, ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟɣ ɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɟ-
ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɯ ɢ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɸɳɢɦ ɜɹɡɤɨɟ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ. ȼ ɝɪɭɧɬɚɯ ɞɟɮɨɪ-
ɦɚɰɢɢ ɫɞɜɢɝɨɜ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɟɞɤɨ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ
ɢɯ ɫɞɜɢɝɭ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ. ɗɬɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɭɝɥɚ ɜɧɭɬ-
ɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɫɨ-
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ ɫɞɜɢɝɭ.
Ʉɚɤ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɞɜɢɝɭ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ
ɞɨɥɟɣ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɧɚ ɫɤɟɥɟɬ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɭ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɭɸɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɪɚɯ. ɉɨɪɨɜɚɹ
ɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɠɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɧɚ
ɫɤɟɥɟɬ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɞɜɢɝɭ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɝɪɭɧɬɚɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭɟɬ
ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɤɨɬɥɨɜɚɧ ɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɧɢɠɚɸɳɢɯ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ. ȼɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨ-
ɞɵ.
ɂɬɚɤ, ɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ
, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɜɨ-
ɞɨɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ, ɡɚɤɨɧ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɹ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɫɠɢɦɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ, ɢ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɫɞɜɢɝɭ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɣ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ ɫɞɜɢɝɭ.
ȼɫɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ 3 ɝɪɭɩɩɵ:
I ɝɪɭɩɩɚ – ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ.
(m
ɨ
) – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɫɠɢɦɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ
¸
¸
¹
·
¨
¨
©
§
ɤɝ
ɫɦ
2
,
»
¼
º
«
¬
ª
ɤɇ
ɦ
2
, Ɇɉɚ
–1
;
(m
v
) – ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɫɠɢɦɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ;
ȿ
ɨ
– ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ
¸
¹
·
¨
©
§
2
ɫɦ
ɤɝ
, Ɇɉɚ.
II ɝɪɭɩɩɚ – ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ.
Ʉ
ɮ
– ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ
¸
¹
·
¨
©
§
ɫ
ɫɦ
,
¸
¸
¹
·
¨
¨
©
§
ɫɭɬ.
ɦ
;
i – ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬ.
III ɝɪɭɩɩɚ – ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ.
M
– ɭɝɨɥ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ (ɝɪɚɞ);
ɋ – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɫɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ
¸
¹
·
¨
©
§
2
ɫɦ
ɤɝ
, Ɇɉɚ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɩɵ-
ɬɚɧɢɹ.
30
3.2. Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɹ, ɫɠɢɦɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ. Ʉɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ,
ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ. Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɫɠɢɦɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ,
ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ
Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɝɪɭɧɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɢ ɩɨɪ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɡɚ-
ɩɨɥɧɟɧɵ ɜɨɞɨɣ, ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɠɚɬɢɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɦɵ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɪɟɯ ɤɨɦɩɨ-
ɧɟɧɬɨɜ – ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ, ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ (ɝɚɡɚ) ɢ ɜɨɞɵ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸ-
ɳɢɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ, ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ, ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɟ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ
ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ ɢɡ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɤɚɤ ɤɜɚɪɰ ɢ ɩɨɥɟɜɨɣ ɲɩɚɬ ɢ ɞɪ., ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɨ
ɦɚɥɵ ɢ ɧɟ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɩɪɢ
ɫɠɚɬɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɩɨɪ.
ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɭɩɪɭɝɢɯ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ ɫɤɟɥɟɬɚ, (ɱɚɫɬɢɰ) ɝɪɭɧɬɚ, ɬɨɧɤɢɯ ɩɥɟɧɨɤ ɜɨɞɵ, ɪɚɫɩɨ-
ɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɦɢ, ɭɩɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɨɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ ɩɨɪɨɜɨɣ
ɜɨɞɵ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɭɩɪɭɝɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ
ɝɪɭɧɬɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɯ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ
ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɝɪɭɧɬɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɬ ɟɝɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɱ-
ɧɨɫɬɶ. ȼ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɸ (ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɸ ɩɨ-
ɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɢ) ɝɪɭɧɬɚ.
Ⱦɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɞɜɢɝɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ
ɢɯ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɨɜ. Ⱦɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɵɥɟɜɚɬɨ-ɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɬ
ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ɗɬɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɢ ɢɡ ɩɨɪ ɜɨɞɨɧɚ-
ɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɞɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɜɨɞɚ, ɛɟɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɝɪɭɧɬ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ, ɬɚɤ
ɤɚɤ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɫɠɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɠɟ ɜɵɞɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɨɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɯ
ɩɵɥɟɜɚɬɨ-ɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɯ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɢ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ. Ɇɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ ɤɚɤ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɞɜɢɝɨɜ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚ-
ɟɬɫɹ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɨɥɡɭɱɟɫɬɶɸ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ, ɢ ɩɨɥɡɭɱɟ-
ɫɬɶɸ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɫɤɟɥɟɬɚ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ.
ȼɫɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɩɵɬɧɵɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ (ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚ-
ɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɢ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ).
ɋɠɢɦɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɯ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɢ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɟɪɟ-
ɭɩɚɤɨɜɤɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ, ɩɨɥɡɭɱɟɫɬɶɸ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɟɤ, ɜɵɬɟɫɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɡ ɩɨɪ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ. ɋɠɚɬɢɟ
ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɨɞɨɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ ɜɵɬɟɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɡ ɩɨɪ
ɝɪɭɧɬɚ.
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦ ɝɪɭɧɬ ɧɟɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɩɨɦɟɳɚɹ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɨɞɨɦɟɬɪ (ɪɢɫ. 3.1).
ɉɪɢɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɦ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ Ɋ
1
– ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɞɟɬ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ, ɢ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɢ
ɫɬɚɧɟɬ ɟ
1
. ɇɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ Ɋ
2
– ɟ
2
ɢɬ. ɞ. (4 – 5 ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɣ).
Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɫɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɶ ɡɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ. ɉɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɢɫɩɵɬɚ-
ɧɢɣ ɫɬɪɨɢɦ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ (ɤ. ɤ.) (ɪɢɫ. 3.2).
ɟ
1
ɟ
2
Ɋ
1
Ɋ
2
Ɋɢɫ. 3.1. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɨɞɨɦɟɬɪɚ
(ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚ)
Ɋ
ɟ
ɩɪɹɦɚɹ ɜɟɬɜɶ ɤ. ɤ. (ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɟ)
ɨɛɪɚɬɧɚɹ ɜɟɬɜɶ ɤ. ɤ. (ɪɚɡɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɟ)
Ɋɢɫ. 3.2. Ʉɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɤɪɢɜɚɹ

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