Механика грунтов. Пьянков С.А - 39 стр.

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77
ɉɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɪɚɫɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɨɫɚɞɤɢ ɪɚɫɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɜɚ-
ɧɢɹ, S
ɪɚɫɫɬɪ.
, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɪɵɜɤɟ ɤɨɬɥɨɜɚɧɨɜɢ
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɟ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɨɜ.
Ʉ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɪɚɫɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ:
1. Ɇɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ:
x ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɨɪɨɡɚ (ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɨɬɬɚɢɜɚɧɢɟ, ɩɭɱɟɧɢɟ).
Ɂɚɦɟɪɡɚɹ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɨɬɬɚɢɜɚɹ, ɝɪɭɧɬ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɠɢɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɦɚɫɫɭ (ɪɟɡɤɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ
ɫɜɨɢ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ). ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɵɩɨɪ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ – ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚ-
ɰɢɢ.
Ɉɬɬɚɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɦɨɪɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɬɨɠɟ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ
(ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɫ ɸɠɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɫ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ) – ɷɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɵɦ
ɨɫɚɞɤɚɦ;
Ɋɢɫ. 5.28. ɇɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɢ ɪɚɫɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ
ɩɪɢ ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɨɬɬɚɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ
x ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ (ɨɫɚɞɤɢ).
Ɋɢɫ. 5.29. ɇɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɢ ɪɚɫɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ
ɩɪɢ ɡɚɦɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɢ (ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɢ) ɝɪɭɧɬɚ
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɪɵɜɤɟ ɤɨɬɥɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɧɚɝɨɬɨɜɟ ɧɚɫɨɫ ɢ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ
ɤ ɨɫɭɲɟɧɢɸ ɧɟɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɧɟɞɨɛɨɪ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɞɧɟ ɤɨɬɥɨɜɚɧɚ;
x ɜɵɫɵɯɚɧɢɟ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ (ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɢ).
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɜ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ, ɂɧɞɢɢ, Ⱥɮɪɢɤɢ.
H
2
O
ȼɵɩɨɪ
ɪɚɡɦɨɪɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɝɪɭɧɬɚ
Ƚɥɭɛɢɧɚ
ɩɪɨɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɹ
ɝɪɭɧɬɚ
ı
IJ
ı
ı
–
ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɫɢɥɵ ɩɭɱɟɧɢɹ;
IJ – ɤɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɫɢɥɵ ɩɭɱɟɧɢɹ
78
Ɋɢɫ. 5.30. ɇɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɩɪɢ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɢ
2. Ƚɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ:
x ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ.
Ɋɢɫ. 5.31. ɉɨɞɧɹɬɢɟ ɞɧɚ ɤɨɬɥɨɜɚɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ
ȿɫɥɢ ɇ·
w
J
> h·
.ɝɪ
J
– ɩɨɞɧɹɬɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ – ɜɨɡɦɨɠɟɧ ɩɪɨɪɵɜ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɤɨɬɥɨɜɚɧ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨ-
ɝɢɱɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɥɟɧɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɝɥɢɧɵ
ɪɜ
ɮ
ɝɨɪ
ɮ
ɄɄ
ɟ
!
ɜ 50…100 ɪɚɡ.
ɂɡɛɚɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɍ.Ƚ.ȼ. (ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɞ);
x ɝɢɞɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ.
Ɋɢɫ. 5.32. ɇɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɢ ɪɚɫɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ
ɉȿɋɈɄ
ɍɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɞ
ɝɥɢɧɚ
h
H
ɋɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɹ
Â21 |
Ⱥ
ȼ
ɩɟɫɨɤ
(ɫɭɩɟɫɶ)
ɜɨɞɨɭɩɨɪ
ɍ.Ƚ.ȼ
ɍ.Ƚ.ȼ.
ɜɨɞɚ
ɲɩɭɧɬ
ɲɩɭɧɬ

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