Механика грунтов. Пьянков С.А - 5 стр.

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9
Ƚɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɩɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ
(ɮɨɪɦɚ ɢɯ ɱɟɲɭɣɱɚɬɚɹ ɢ ɢɝɨɥɶɱɚɬɚɹ) – ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1.2.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1.2
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ (ɩɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɚɹ)
ɇɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɝɪɭɧɬɚ
ɋɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ
0,005 (%)
Ƚɥɢɧɵ
! 30
ɋɭɝɥɢɧɨɤ
10 y 30
ɋɭɩɟɫɶ
3 y 10
ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɞɵ.
ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɯ, ɩɵɥɟɜɚɬɵɯ ɢ ɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɯ,
ɫɚɦɵɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɜɨɞɵ. ȼ ɝɪɭɧɬɟ ɪɚɡɥɢ-
ɱɚɸɬ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ, ɢɥɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɭɸ, ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɭɸ, ɢɥɢ ɩɥɟɧɨɱɧɭɸ
(ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɵɥɟɜɚɬɨ-ɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ) ɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɭɸ ɜɨɞɭ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜɨɞɚ ɜ ɝɪɭɧɬɟ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɚɪɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɤ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ. ɉɪɢ
ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɜɫɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɜ ɥɟɞ.
Ʉɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɬɨɤ
ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ. ɗɬɨɬ ɬɢɩ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɢɡɜɥɟɤɚɟɦ ɢɡ
ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɦ ɜ ɝɪɭɧɬ.
Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɜ ɩɵɥɟɜɚɬɨ-ɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɚɯ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɪɟ-
ɞɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɨɬ ɟɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨ-
ɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ. ɗɬɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɨ-
ɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɫɢɥ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ. ɗɬɚ ɜɨɞɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ
ɝɢɞɪɚɬɧɵɟ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ, ɢ ɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɥɟɧɨɱɧɨɣ. Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɹɜɥɹ-
ɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ, ɢ ɨɧɚ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɢɡɜɥɟɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɪɭɧɬ.
ɋɜɨɛɨɞɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɜ ɝɪɭɧɬɟ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɢɥɭ ɩɪɢɬɹɠɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɧɚ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦ
ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɤɢ, ɬ. ɟ. ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬ-
ɜɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɩɨɪɨɜ. ɑɚɫɬɨ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɭɸ ɜɨɞɭ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɜɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɢ ɤɚɩɢɥ-
ɥɹɪɧɭɸ. Ʉɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɫɤɚɯ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧ-
ɧɨ ɜ ɩɵɥɟɜɚɬɵɯ ɩɟɫɤɚɯ, ɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɚɯ. Ʌɟɝɤɨ ɢɡɜɥɟɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ
ɝɪɭɧɬ.
ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɝɚɡɚ.
ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɝɪɭɧɬɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɪ: ɱɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɨɪɵ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟ-
ɧɵ ɜɨɞɨɣ, ɬɟɦ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɝɚɡɨɜ. ȼ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɫɥɨɹɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɚɹ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ, ɧɢɠɟ – ɚɡɨɬɨɦ, ɦɟɬɚɧɨɦ, ɫɟɪɨɜɨɞɨɪɨ-
ɞɨɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɝɚɡɚɦɢ. Ƚɚɡɵ ɜ ɝɪɭɧɬɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɵ ɜ
ɜɨɞɟ. ɋɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɣ ɝɚɡ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɡɚɳɟɦɥɟɧɧɵɣ, ɫɨɨɛɳɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɫ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɨɣ, ɢ ɡɚ-
ɳɟɦɥɟɧɧɵɣ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɥɟɧɤɚɦɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɦɟɥɶɱɚɣɲɢɯ
ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɨɜ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ.
ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɝɪɭɧɬɟ ɡɚɳɟɦɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɝɚɡɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚ-
ɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ. ɍɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɤɨɬɥɨɜɚɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɜɵ-
ɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɨɜ ɝɚɡɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ. ɇɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɨɬ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɞɟɪ-
ɠɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɝɚɡɚ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɨɜ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɫɠɢɦɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɫɨɬɧɢ ɪɚɡ ɢ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɟɟ ɫɨɢɡɦɟɪɢɦɨɣ ɫɨ ɫɠɢ-
ɦɚɟɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɤɟɥɟɬɚ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ.
10
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɢ ɜɢɞɵ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ.
Ƚɪɭɧɬ ɫɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ – ɝɪɭɧɬ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɢɡ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɬɨɜ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɦɢɧɟɪɚ-
ɥɨɜ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ.
Ƚɪɭɧɬ ɩɨɥɭɫɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ – ɝɪɭɧɬ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɜ, ɢɦɟɸ-
ɳɢɯ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ.
ɍɫɥɨɜɧɚɹ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɤɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɫɤɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɝɪɭɧɬɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɱ-
ɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɨɫɧɨɟ ɫɠɚɬɢɟ (
5t
c
R
Ɇɉɚ – ɫɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɧɬɵ,
5
c
R
Ɇɉɚ – ɩɨɥɭɫɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɝɪɭɧɬɵ).
Ƚɪɭɧɬ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɣ – ɝɪɭɧɬ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɢɡ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ (ɡɟɪɟɧ) ɪɚɡ-
ɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ, ɫɥɚɛɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ; ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɵɜɟɬɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɤɚɥɶ-
ɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɜɵɜɟɬɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɧɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɷɨɥɨ-
ɜɵɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɢ ɢɯ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ.
Ƚɪɭɧɬ ɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɣ – ɫɜɹɡɧɵɣ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɪɭɧɬ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɣ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ
I
P
1.
ɉɟɫɨɤ – ɧɟɫɜɹɡɧɵɣ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɪɭɧɬ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ 2 ɦɦ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ 50 %
0
p
I
.
Ƚɪɭɧɬ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɨɛɥɨɦɨɱɧɵɣ – ɧɟɫɜɹɡɧɵɣ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɪɭɧɬ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ
ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɟ 2 ɦɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ 50 %.
Ƚɪɭɧɬ ɩɪɨɫɚɞɨɱɧɵɣ – ɝɪɭɧɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-
ɝɨ ɜɟɫɚ ɢɥɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɫɚ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɦɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɟ-
ɬɟɪɩɟɜɚɟɬ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ (ɩɪɨɫɚɞɤɭ) ɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɩɪɨ-
ɫɚɞɤɢ
01,0tH
sl
.
Ƚɪɭɧɬ ɩɭɱɢɧɢɫɬɵɣ – ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɣ ɝɪɭɧɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɬɚɥɨɝɨ ɜ ɦɟɪɡɥɨɟ ɫɨ-
ɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɥɶɞɚ ɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɦɨɪɨɡɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɱɟɧɢɹ
01,0
tH
fh
.
Ƚɪɭɧɬ ɦɟɪɡɥɵɣ – ɝɪɭɧɬ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɢɥɢ ɧɭɥɟɜɭɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ, ɫɨɞɟɪ-
ɠɚɳɢɣ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɜɢɞɢɦɵɟ ɥɟɞɹɧɵɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ (ɢɥɢ) ɥɟɞ-ɰɟɦɟɧɬ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸ-
ɳɢɣɫɹ ɤɪɢɨɝɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɹɡɹɦɢ.
Ƚɪɭɧɬ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɟɦɟɪɡɥɵɣ (ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦ – ɝɪɭɧɬ ɜɟɱɧɨɦɟɪɡɥɵɣ) – ɝɪɭɧɬ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ
ɦɟɪɡɥɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɟɯ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɥɟɬ.
Ƚɪɭɧɬ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɦɟɪɡɥɵɣ – ɝɪɭɧɬ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɦɟɪɡɥɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜ
ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɡɨɧɚ.
Ƚɪɭɧɬ ɦɨɪɨɡɧɵɣ – ɫɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɪɭɧɬ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪ-
ɠɚɳɢɣ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɥɟɞ ɢ ɧɟɡɚɦɟɪɡɲɭɸ ɜɨɞɭ.
Ɍɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɧɬɵ – ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɧɬɵ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶ-
ɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɢ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚ-
ɧɢɹ.
Ⱥɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ – ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ, ɫɬɪɭɤ-
ɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ.
ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ – ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɧɬɵ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɦɟɫɬ
ɢɯ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɧɭɬɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɜ ɩɪɨ-
ɰɟɫɫɟ ɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ.
Ƚɪɭɧɬɵ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ – ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɧɬɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɬɟɯ-
ɧɨɝɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ (ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɟ, ɡɚɦɨɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ, ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.) ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬ
ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɮɚɡɨɜɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ.
Ƚɪɭɧɬɵ
, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɯɢɦɢɤɨ-ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ – ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɧɬɵ, ɜɤɨ-
ɬɨɪɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɭɪɭ.
ɇɚɫɵɩɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɧɬɵ – ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɧɬɵ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɭɤɥɚɞɤɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜ-
ɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɢɥɢ ɜɡɪɵɜɚ.

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