My speciality. Шепелева М.А - 11 стр.

      2.2 Text 2 The Roots of Radio

      2.2.1 Read the text and translate it:

        In 1873, Scottish physicist James Cleric Maxwell provided the theoretical
basis for the development of wireless transmissions. Maxwell argued that
electromagnetic waves existed and that these invisible types of radiant energy
traveled at the speed of light. Fifteen years later, German scientist Heinrich Hertz
borrowed Maxwell's theory as the basis for a successful laboratory experiment.
Using a primitive spark discharge device. Hertz was able not only to create
electromagnetic waves but also to detect them and measure their wavelength by
means of a simple receiving antenna. As Maxwell had surmised, these waves did
travel at the speed of light. But what he did not envision was that they would also
serve as the vehicle for powerful new mass communications systems.
        While the scientific community of tile time explored the theoretical
implications of the Hertz experiments, a young scion of a wealthy Italian family,
Guglielmo Marconi, saw real practical applications for the phenomenon Hertz had
isolated. Financially well off, Marconi was able to devote all his energy to his
subsequent technical pursuit although his businessman father initially felt the
project to be a dreadful waste of time. Once the young man demonstrated the
device to him, however, the elder Marconi agreed to provide the developmental
funds. In 1894 and 1895, Guglielmo continuously improved on Hertz's early
equipment. By 1896, he had successfully transmitted and detected electromagnetic
signals beyond hilltops and over a distance of up to nine miles.
        By 1899, Marconi's wireless telegraph was sending coded messages across
the English Channel, and his invention was attracting attention throughout Europe
as well as in the United Slates. In 1901, the Marconi device successfully
transmitted three dots (the Morse Code designation for the latter S) across the
Atlantic Ocean from the English Coast to Newfoundland, where Marconi and his
assistants used a high-flying kite antenna to detect the signal. The entire world
soon was talking about the wireless telegraph. Wireless sets were installed on
ships, and over the next decade, this new communications tool came permanently
to bridge oceans aid span continents.
        Up to this point, we had discussed only the sending of code messages over
the airwaves. Radio as a mass communications vehicle (the sending of actual
speech and music) required the contributions of additional innovators. As early as
1892, a Kentucky farmer and amateur inventor named Nathan Stubblefield was
transmitting his voice a distance of some three miles via what was known in the
Murray, Kentucky, locality as a vibrating telephone. Whether Stubble-field's
device was based on Hertzian principles or on some other system not involving the
generation of radio frequencies is unclear in the historical record. His efforts to
promote his discovery through an awkwardly capitalized company were miniscule
in comparison to the resources of more famous inventors and were largely
unknown outside his home region. Stubblefield died of starvation in 1928;