My speciality. Шепелева М.А - 32 стр.

      The First Real Broadcasters

       While most of the rest of the world would continue to use the generic wireless
designation! for decades to come, people in the United] States soon appropriated the
more descriptive term broadcasting in referring to over-the-air voice transmissions to
the public. The term was not a new one. It could be found in most dictionaries of the
time as a word to describe how a farmer sowed seeds by
scattering them in all directions. Such agricultural imagery was certainly
appropriate to this new concept of wireless use. Instead of directing its signal to a
single ship, a shore installation, or a sister station, the broadcast station threw
material out on the air for the benefit of everyone within range of the
transmission.) The transformation from communications to mass communications
vehicle was suddenly underway.
       As the Pittsburgh experiment became replicated in more and more localities,
different motivations for broadcasting gradually emerged. Some stations, like the
University of Wisconsin's 9XM, continued to function as testing laboratories but
added weather and musical programs as by-product public services. Other stations,
such as the Detroit News's 8MK, were seen as low-cost public relations devices for
their parent companies. Still others, like KDKA itself, were in the business of
stimulating sales for their company's own electrical products. While the spotlight was
now on broadcasting rather than on wireless telephony, no one as yet saw the activity
as a self-standing business, let alone a promising new profession. In 1921, the
Department of Commerce issued thirty-two radio licenses, a number that would
increase tenfold over the course of the following three years. Wisconsin's 9XM
became WHA, and the Detroit News's 8MK became WWJ; it was purchased in 1989
by CBS. By July, the Radio Corporation of America (formerly American Marconi)
was also dabbling in broadcasting from its Hoboken, New Jersey, facility by
retransmitting a telephoned description of the Dempsey-Carpen-tier heavyweight
boxing match from a stadium in Jersey City. The first newly designated broadcast
license was issued as WBZ to a station in Springfield, Massachusetts, and the Crosley
Radio Corporation began mass-producing radio receivers with a $35 price tag. In
short, the year 1921 proved a transition between the raw experimentation of the first
mass wireless telephonic
episodes and the emergence of radio as a true broadcast medium in 1922.
The course of events accelerated as major players entered the field. RCA acquired
Newark station WJZ from Westinghouse (a station that had been built only months
before) and relocated it in Manhattan. It was soon joined in the market by WEAF,
owned and operated by the dominant telephone company, AT&T. The attention
two such giant stations attracted did much to stimulate the building of other
stations by these and many other companies.
         Unfortunately, the Department of Commerce, in creating the new class of
broadcasting stations in 1921, allocated only one place on the spectrum for such
operations: 360 meters (833 kilohertz). Thus, every newly authorized station was