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Though the Hudson's Bay Company of Canada (which began operations in 1670) was
the first store with departments, it is not clear when it could be classified as a department
store. In Paris in 1838 Aristide Boucicaut started the emporium that developed into Bon
Marchй by 1852, the first department store that offered a wide variety of goods in
"departments" all under under one roof. Goods were sold at a fixed price, with guarantees
allowing exchanges and refunds.
In New York City in 1846, Irish-born entrepreneur A.T. Stewart established the
prototype of the US department store on the east side of Broadway, between Chambers and
Reade Streets. He offered European retail merchandise at set prices on a variety of dry
goods, and advertised a policy of providing "free entrance" to all potential customers.
Though it was clad in white marble to look like a Renais sance palazzo, the building's cast
iron construction permitted large plate glass windows. In 1862 Stewart built a true
department store on a full city block at Broadway and 9th Street, opposite Grace Church,
with eight floors and 19 departments of dress goods and furnishing materials, carpets, glass
and china, toys and sports equipment, ranged around a central glass-covered court. Within a
couple of decades, New York's retail center had shifted uptown, forming a stretch of retail
shopping from A.T. Stewart's as far as 23rd Street, on Broadway and Sixth Avenue, a
stretch that was called the "Ladies' Mile." Macy's, founded as a dry goods store by Rowland
Hussey Macy in 1858, Benjamin Altman and Lord & Taylor soon competed with Stewart as
New York's first department stores, later followed by McCreary's and, in Brooklyn,
Abraham & Strauss. Many of the grand buildings of the 1880s and 90s remain,, now put to
other uses.
Similar developments were under way in London (with Liberty And Co.) and in Paris
(with La Samaritaine) and in Chicago, where department stores sprang up along Michigan
Avenue, notably Marshall Field and Company. In 1877, Wanamaker's opened in
Philadelphia. Philadelphia's John Wanamaker performed a 19th century redevelopment to
the former Pennsylvania Railroad terminal in that city, and eventually opened a modern day
department store in the building.
In the beginning, some department stores leased space to individual merchants, along
the lines of the New change in late 17th-century London, but by 1900 the s maller co mpanies
were purchased or replaced by the larger company. In some ways they were very similar to
our modern malls, where the property owner has no direct interest in the 'departments' or
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