Тематический сборник текстов для чтения (английский язык). Соснина Е.П - 126 стр.

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difficult. The majority of smartcard (IC card) based credit cards comply with the EMV
(Europay Visa MasterCard) standard.
The 3–4 digit numbers for use in "card not present" transactions are to be found in
different places on the various cards, and are referred to differently by the card issuers:
• AMERIC AN EXP R ESS : 4 digits long, printed on the front side of the card above
the number, referred to as the CID, or Card Identification Number.
• MASTERCARD: last 3 digits of the number printed on the back signature panel of
the card, referred to as the CVC, or Card Validation Code.
• VISA: last 3 digits of the number printed on the back signature panel of the card,
referred to as the CVV, or Card Validation Value.
Text 5. Price discrimination
Price discrimination exists when sales of identical goods or services are transacted at
different prices from a single vendor. Theoretically, price discrimination is a feature only of
monopoly markets, but in practice it occurs with oligopolies such as the airlines. In addition
to a monopoly market, price discrimination requires some means to discourage discount
customers from becoming resellers and, by extension, competitors. This usually entails
either keeping the different price groups separate, making price comparisons difficult, or
restricting pricing information. The boundary set up by the marketer to keep segments
separate are referred to as a ra te fen ce.
Examples of price discrimination
Tr avel class es in aircraft an d trains are often said to be methods of price
discrimination. This is not technically true since first class and economy class are different
services. However, to the extent that both classes transport passengers from one point to
another, subjecting them to the same time delays and so on, travel classes can be considered
as price discrimination.
With U.S. airlines following deregulation in the 1980s, airfares are notoriously irregular
and only loosely correlate to the costs of the service provided. To avoid getting a raw deal,
strategic consumption is necessary on the part of an individual purshasing airline tickets. An
individual purchasing tickets for dates far in advance, or alternatively too close, will suffer
inflated fares. Additionally, airfares are higher during the holidays and high travel seasons

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